SPEAKING TO CHANGE THE BELIEF, ATTITUDE OR ACTION OF THE AUDIENCE PERSUASIVE SPEAKING SPEAKING TO CHANGE THE BELIEF, ATTITUDE OR ACTION OF THE AUDIENCE

STEP 1 the topic CHOOSE A TOPIC YOU FEEL STRONGLY ABOUT DETERMINE YOUR STANCE OR APPROACH DETERMINE YOUR ARGUMENT

STEP 2 analyze the audience AGREE WITH YOU Remind them why you share attitudes Motivate them to strengthen their belief Tell them exactly what you want or need DISAGREE WITH YOU Don’t expect large amount of change Establish common ground Tell them where you disagree Use lots of evidence to back up your position NEUTRAL Get their attention; show relevance Tell them why you believe the way you do Back up your position with logos and pathos; don’t overwhelm

STEP 3 research EVIDENCE IS THE BASIS FOR AN ARGUMENT ORGANIZE EVIDENCE LOGICALLY TO LEAD THE AUDIENCE TO YOUR CONCLUSION (REASONING) USE A BALANCE OF ETHOS,LOGOS AND PATHOS

ETHOS ETHICAL PROOF (ETHOS)IS A PIECE OF SUPPORTING INFORMATION THAT BUILDS A SPEAKER’S CREDIBILITY ON A TOPIC (BASED ON PERSONAL EXPERIENCE OR CONCERN)

PATHOS PATHETIC PROOF (PATHOS) IS SUPPORTING MATERIAL THAT GIVES EMOTIONAL APPEAL TO A PRESENTATION

LOGOS LOGICAL PROOF (LOGOS) A SPECIFIC PIECE OF VERIFIABLE INFORMATION [ STATISTICS,SPECIFIC INSTANCES, TESTIMONIAL] You must use credible sources to back up your argument. State the sources in your speech

AVOID LOGICAL FALLACIES

OVERSIMPLIFYING THE ISSUE Presents too limited a range of possibilities. (This policy will lead to national disaster, while this one will lead to peace)

BEGGING THE QUESTION Stating a position that needs to be proven as if it has already been proven. (Mayor Gray doesn’t deserve another term after such a disgraceful 4 years in office. You must prove the first 4 were disgraceful)

MISLEADING STATISTICS Factual but do not support what the speaker claims they do. ( A magazine survey found people are content with their jobs, incomes and personal lives is flawed. The people surveyed have time and money to buy and read magazines.)

POST HOC ERGO PROPTER HOC Latin for “after this, therefore, because of this”. It confuses after with because ( Cost of living doubled after he took office. This does not prove it doubled because he was elected)

REASONING BACKWARD Assumes that because members of a particular group have a characteristic in common that all people with that characteristic belong to that group. (Communists talk about peace. Senator Flower talks about peace, he must be a communist)

FALSE ANALOGY Comparison of one thing to another that does not make sense because the two things are too different in essential ways. (Politics is like a football game. Superficially they resemble each other, but politics is far more complicated and the relationship of a player to a coach is very different from a political leader to his party)

STEP 4 ORGANIZE MONROE’S MOTIVATED SEQUENCE: Attention Step Need Step Get the audience’s attention, state argument or statement to prove. Need Step Convince the audience of their need to believe the way you do or that their current actions ore hurting their welfare. Satisfaction Step Show how your idea or plan will help the audience by meeting their needs. Visualization Step Describe a situation with your plan in place or a bad situation where your plan was not accepted Call to Action Ask the audience to do something

STEP 5 Practice, practice, practice If you have been really scared as you spoke and were not sure what to say... You were not prepared. Plan the speech and practice it to control your stage fright.