NANO TECHNOLOGY COOLING www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ NANO TECHNOLOGY COOLING www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Contents Introduction Nanotechnology Concepts of nanotechnology Carbon nanotube science and technology Cooling process Cool chips Present cooling methods Advantages Conclusion www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Introduction Nanolighting can be used to cool future computers Possible by using a classic corona wind effect This is developed by the engineers in the Purdue University www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Nanotechnology What is nanotechnology? It should let us to Get essentially every atom in the right place Make almost any structure Reduce the manufacturing costs www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

Concepts of nanotechnology Positional assembly Massive parallelism Convergent assembly www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Positional assembly -manipulating and positioning individual atoms and molecules Massive parallelism -lots of robotic arms are required to assemble large molecular parts and this is made possible by massive parallelism Convergent assembly -vast number of small parts are assembled by vast number of small robotic arms into larger parts www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

Carbon nanotube science and technology Carbon nanotubes are fullerene related structures Consist of graphene cylinders closed at either end with caps containing pentagonal rings Discovered by Japanese electron microscopist Sumio Iijima Thomas Ebberson showed how nanotubes can be made in bulk quantities www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

Single layer nanotubes Synthesis of nanotubes was done in 1993 Standard arc-evaporation method produces only multilayered tubes By adding cobalt to graphite electrodes , extremely fine tubes with single layer walls can be produced www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Alternate method of preparing single-walled nanotubes was described by Smally’s group in 1996 Similar to the method of preparing C60 Involves laser vaporization of graphite Resulted in high yield of single-walled tubes www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ This tubes had a tendency to form aligned bundles These bundles are called nanotube “ropes” Synthesis of nanotube ropes gave an important boost to nanotube research www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Some of the impressive works by nanotube ropes are -Nanohorns -Nanoelectronics -Nanofibres www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Cooling process micro scale ion driven air flow www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Voltage is passed into the electrodes, causing the negatively charged nanotubes to discharge electrons towards the positively charged electrodes The electrons react with surrounding air , causing the air molecules to be ionized just as electrons in the atmosphere ionized www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ This ionization of air leads to an imbalance of charge It will result in lightning bolts The ionized air molecules cause currents www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ nano lightning process www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Clouds of ions are created when electrons react with air It can be attracted by the second region of electrodes and pumped forward by changing the voltages in these electrodes Voltages are rapidly switched from one electrode to the next in such a way that the clouds of ion move forward and produce a cooling breeze www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ They are switching at the right frequency so that the ion cloud is constantly moving forward While moving forward they make repeated collisions with neutral molecules producing the breeze www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ pumping region www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Contains electrodes made of many series Each series contains three electrodes The first in the series is the most positively followed by an electrode switching www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ The voltages from one electrode to the next causes the charges that has a less positive charge and then a third electrode that is negative to move forward which in turn moves the ion clouds The entire design will be integrated into a chip ,that is 10mm by 10mm www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Cool chips Cool chips are compact electronic devices similar in appearance with computer chips When electric current is applied , one side of the chip become hot and other become cold cool chips www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

Present cooling methods Large passive heat sinks CPU cooling fans PC water cooling system www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Large passive heat sink Heat sinks are heavy pieces of aluminium with large fines or spikes on it .Heat sinks disburse the heat from the CPU ,but they are the most rudimentary solution available . While they are reliable they may not be effective CPU cooling fans Cooling fans are the most popular cooling method of processor cooling. Fans are more effective than heat sinks PC water cooling system PC water cooling system is like radiators for computer cases .They have two draw backs . They are quite expensive If they crack system is shot www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Advantages The creation as well as cooling is all happening on one chip If the method can be perfected , it will introduce a major new cooling technology for laptop and desktop computers that are quiet ,low cost and reliable www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ The ion driven cooling device represent a way to increase cooling capacity in laptops, meaning they could use higher performance chips that generate too much heat for current laptops More than one of the devices can be placed on a single chip, multiplying the degree of cooling www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/

www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/ Conclusion In future we will be able to snap together the fundamental building blocks of nature easily, inexpensively and in most of the ways permitted by the laws of physics .It finds applications in laptop computers, cell phones, sensing systems and many other types of portable microelectronics. It will also let us to fabricate an entire new generation of products that are cleaner ,stronger, lighter and more precise www.final-yearproject.com | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/