521zoo presented by: hessa alobaid

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Presentation transcript:

521zoo presented by: hessa alobaid THROXA 521zoo presented by: hessa alobaid

Why Study the Insect Thorax? Structure determines how an insect moves through its habitat. Wings determine flight capability Legs determine how it moves and digs on land

Prothorax Mesothorax Metathorax Tergum Pleuron Sternum

Insect wings Insects are the only invertebrates that can fly. Their wings develop as evaginations of the exoskeleton during morphogenesis but they become fully functional only during the adult stage of an insect's life cycle. Forewing attached to mesothorax, hindwing to metathorax. Meso and metathoracic segments are reinforced, to help support wing muscles during flight.

Wings serve not only as organs of flight, but also may be adapted variously as Protective covers (Coleoptera and Dermaptera) Thermal collectors (Lepidoptera) Gyroscopic stabilizers (Diptera) Sound producers (Orthoptera) Visual cues for species recognition and sexual contact (Lepidoptera).

Wing adaptations and modifications

membranous wings membranous wings: are characterized by having thin, unscleritized (meaning not leathery or hard) membranes between the veins of the wings, ex. Butterflies

Lancewings Lancewings: They are characterized by a wide coastal field in their wing venation, which includes the cross-veins. Chrysopidae

Elytr Elytr: hard, sclerotized front wings that serve as protective covers for membranous hind wings, ex. Coleoptera and Dermaptera

Hemelytra Hemelytra: half membranous forewing of true bugs, ex. Heteroptera

Tegmina Tegmina: front wings that are completely leathery or parchment-like in texture, using to protect back wing. Orthoptera

Halteres Halteres: small, club-like hind wings that serve as gyroscopic stabilizers during flight. Diptera

Fringed wings Fringed wings: slender front and hind wings with long fringes of hair, Thysanoptera

Hairy wings Hairy wings: front and hind wings clothed with setae, Trichoptera

Scaly wings Scaly wings : front and hind wings covered with flattened setae (scales). Lepidoptera

Coupling mechanism Hamuli: tiny hooks on hind wing that hold front and hind wings together, Hymenoptera Frenulum : Bristle near base of hind wing that holds front and hind wings together, Lepidoptera