By: Cheyanne, Eric, Brandon, Peter, Chase, Troy Strategies and Memory By: Cheyanne, Eric, Brandon, Peter, Chase, Troy

Hindsight bias – tendency to believe, after outcome, one would have foreseen it. Case study – observational technique where one person is studied in depth to reveal universal principles. Survey – technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people. Naturalistic observation – observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation. Correlation – measure of the extent to which two factors vary together.

Memory – persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of info. Flashbulb memory – clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. Short –term memory – activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the info is stored or forgotten. Long – term memory – relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory. Working memory – short term memory that involves consciousness. Iconic memory – momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli. Echoic memory – momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli.

Encoding – processing of information into the memory system Encoding – processing of information into the memory system. visual – encoding of picture images. acoustic – encoding of sound. semantic – encoding of meaning. Retrieval – process of getting info out of memory storage. Amnesia – loss of memory.

Sigmund Freud proposed that our memory systems self-censor painful info. Memories are repressed to protect our self-concept and to minimize anxiety. Elizabeth Loftus discovered that the way questions are worded, alter the memories people report (reconstruction of automobile destruction study). Loftus used her misinformation effect to separate misinformation with misremembered memories. Daniel Schacter discovered that amnesia victims can learn how to do something (implicit memory) but may not know that they know (explicit memory).

Test Your Memory: Encoding Failure Can you recall what the head side of a penny looks like? Which of these pennies is the real thing?

Answer: (A)