Chapter 19 Transnational actors and international organizations in global politics Name: MA XINYUE Student No.:ID02403 Student No.:ID02403

What we are experiencing! We are experiencing a world troubled by natural catastrophes, civil war, global epidemics, rampant terrorism, economic inequality, authoritarian rule, populism, rising crime and violence. Only a sole state can not cope with such changeable situations. Student No.:ID02403

The relations between governments and many other actors from each country State-centric approach & open-ended approach Other actors including in global politics The interaction between governments and NGOs, along with transnational companies and international organizations Introduction: Student No.:ID02403

Introduction of the classification of global political actors The bottom of the three categories all form international NGOs Student No.:ID02403

Problems with the state-centric approach Confusion over three meanings of States State as a legal person State as a country with a distinct political system of people with common values State as apparatus of government Civil society & States Differences between countries In sizes--- superpowers and middle and small powers In economic strength---- transnational companies In population--- NGOs In regimes---- political governance The general recognition of their right to have their own government--- only in common Student No.:ID02403

Problems with the state-centric approach Assumptions--- inconsistency about different level of analysis Criticisms of the relationship between states and international system As the inconsistency of powers among states, the basic situation of international system is center-edged structure Many governments control fewer resources than many transnational actors However, states are located in anarchic international system. It is operated by the centripetal force of power. National identity & Nationalism Difference --- politics within states and politics between states National loyalty & loyalty to a country Student No.:ID02403

Transnational companies as political actors Loss of control over financial flows and over taxing of inter-firm trade Loss of control over international flows of goods due to triangulation of trade Regulatory arbitrage and loss of sovereignty Extraterritoriality and clash of jurisdictions Clash of interests between states and TNCs under conditions of market failure and externalities-----reregulation Student No.:ID02403

Non-legitimate groups and liberation movements as political actors Transnational criminals and their political impact Criminal financial flows can be massive and unpredictable Criminal trade has been so extensively diversified Using the law against criminal produces a similar effect to movement by TNCs for regulatory arbitrage Extraterritoriality does occur with respect to jurisdiction over criminal behavior Transnational guerrilla groups and gaining legitimacy Groups using violence to achieve political goals generally do not achieve legitimacy, but in exceptional circumstances they may be recognized as national liberation movements and take part in diplomacy The significance of criminals, terrorists, and guerrillas The transnational activities of criminals and guerrillas shift problems of the domestic policy of countries into the realm of global politics Student No.:ID02403

Non-governmental organizations as political actors Consultative status at the UN for NGOs A small number of high-status NGOs Specialist NGOs A roster of other NGOs The UN definition of an acceptable NGO An NGO should support the aims and the work of the UN An NGO should be a representative body and an officer to a democratic policy-making conference An NGO cannot be a profit-making body An NGO cannot use or advocate violence An NGO must respect the norm of ' non-interference in the internal affairs of states'. An NGO is one that is not established by intergovernmental agreement Student No.:ID02403

Non-governmental organizations as political actors Any international activity cannot cut off from the global civil society. Most transnational actors can expect to gain recognition as NGOs by UN exclusive from those unadmitted actors that are opposite to individual government The ECOSOC statute provides an authoritative statement that NGOs have a legitimate place in intergovernmental diplomacy The creation of a complex global economy leads to the broader ranges of transnational links to international NGOs in globalization NGOs has made the internet a public global communications system, the efficacy among governments of the informational flow has increased NGOs from each country may combine in four ways: international NGOs, advocacy networks, caucuses, governance networks Student No.:ID02403

International organizations as structures of global politics International organizations are structures for political communication, they are systems that constrain the behavior of their members. Governments form intergovernmental organizations and transnational actors form international non-governmental organizations. In addition, governments and transnational actors accord each other equal status by jointly creating hybrid international organization. International organizations are more than the collective will of their members. They have a distinct impact on other global actors. Student No.:ID02403

The high politics/low politics are distinguished by the variety of transnational actors correlation in global politics, and this cannot separately analyze. Capabilities are not constrained within military and economic resources. Communication facilities, information, authority, and status are also important political assets. Different policy domains contain different actors, responds to the influence on the global politics is depending on the salience of the issues being invoked. Transnational actors gain recognitions through their way to involve into the policy problem with related issues. Conclusion Student No.:ID02403

Conclusion: NGOs gain influence much more effectively than TNCs differing from the approach. However, both of them are the main sources of economic and political change in global politics. The state-centric approach is being challenged in global politics. We can recognize that governments are losing sovereignty when faced with economic activities of transnational companies and the violent threat form criminal and guerrillas. Non-governmental organizations engage in such a web of global relations, including participation in diplomacy, that government have lost their political independence. Events in any area of global policy-making have to be understood in term of complex systems, containing governments, companies, and NGOs interacting in a variety of international organizations Student No.:ID02403

Questions: What contributions do NGOs make to arms control negotiations? What is a hybrid international organizations? How it is possible for NGOs to exercise influence in global politics? Student No.:ID02403