Figure 2 Precision medicine based on a network approach

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Figure 2 Precision medicine based on a network approach Figure 2 | Precision medicine based on a network approach. Each of the diagnostic tiers is represented as a separate subtype, or node, in networks of a | motor, b | pathology-driven and c | genetics- driven Parkinson disease (PD) subtypes. The subtypes are theorized to vary according to nonmotor (prodromal), and motor and cognitive stages. The variable width and shade of the concentric circles represent different contributions of clinical (green striped pattern), pathological (blue spotted pattern), and genetic/molecular (orange solid colour) abnormalities within each subtype rather than the likelihood of their convergence to a single disease. Accordingly, precision medicine for disease modification would target each subtype according to the differential disease-related genetic/molecular and pathological contributions. Individualized, precision medicine, drug combinations (disease- modifying 'cocktail therapy') for each subtype are shown in colour-matching capsules according to the genetic–molecular and pathological mechanisms of the corresponding subtypes. The figure is an oversimplification, particularly with respect to the genetic and molecular tier, which would probably be more appropriately represented by multiple different tones of orange solid colour representing different molecular pathways, each colour with varying shades. MDS, International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society; NA; not applicable. Espay, A. J. et al. (2017) Precision medicine for disease modification in Parkinson disease Nat. Rev. Neurol. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2016.196