Tapani Pöyhönen, MSc, PT, Kari L

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Neuromuscular function during therapeutic knee exercise under water and on dry land Tapani Pöyhönen, MSc, PT, Kari L. Keskinen, PhD, PT, Heikki Kyröläinen, PhD, Arto Hautala, MSc, PT, Jukka Savolainen, MD, PhD, Esko Mälkiä, PhD, PT Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Volume 82, Issue 10, Pages 1446-1452 (October 2001) DOI: 10.1053/apmr.2001.25073 Copyright © 2001 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Experimental set-up with the Hydro Boot under water. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2001 82, 1446-1452DOI: (10.1053/apmr.2001.25073) Copyright © 2001 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Mean relative electromyographic activity (% MVC) of the quadriceps (solid line) and hamstrings (dotted line) during knee extension-flexion under water in barefoot (thin line) and in Hydro Boot (thick line) conditions in (A) women and (B) men. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2001 82, 1446-1452DOI: (10.1053/apmr.2001.25073) Copyright © 2001 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Extension and flexion force curves in (A) isokinetic condition and (B) mean relative electromyographic activity (% MVC) of the quadriceps (solid line) and hamstrings (dotted line) of men and women. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2001 82, 1446-1452DOI: (10.1053/apmr.2001.25073) Copyright © 2001 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Mean drag force curves ± SD of the barefoot (thin line) and Hydro Boot (thick line) during extension-flexion in (A) women and (B) men. Stars indicate that the peak drag forces differed between these 2 conditions. ***p < .001. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2001 82, 1446-1452DOI: (10.1053/apmr.2001.25073) Copyright © 2001 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Mean ± SD forces in isometric and isokinetic conditions, and drag forces determined in barefoot and Hydro Boot conditions. All conditions differed (p < .05-.001) except peak flexion forces between isokinetic and Hydro Boot conditions marked (NS) in the figure. Abbreviations: BF, barefoot; HB, Hydro Boot; ISOK, isokinetic; ISOM, isometric; NS, not significant. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2001 82, 1446-1452DOI: (10.1053/apmr.2001.25073) Copyright © 2001 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions