QUALITY OF MANGOES EXPORTED FROM KENYA AND STRATEGIES FOR COMPLIANCE TO INTERNATIONAL MARKET REQUIREMENTS Augustus Kivi The 2nd International Phytosanitary Conference 4th-8th June, 2018 Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service (KEPHIS) Headquarters-Nairobi, Kenya

INTRODUCTION Mango is one among the most exported fruit from Kenya Kenya exports unprocessed and processed mangoes to European Union (EU) and other international markets In 2014, several number of consignments of unprocessed mangoes were intercepted in EU due to presence of fruitflies Kenya stopped the export of unprocessed mangoes EU markets In the year 2017, 39,000 consignments equivalent to 83,361,000 kgs were inspected and passed for export by KEPHIS, the NPPO of Kenya The main variety exported was apple contributing about 70% Other varieties exported were ngowe, tommy, kent, boribo and processed mango Country of destination were United Arab Emirates (which accounted for more than 30% of total mango exported) Baharain, Saudi Arabia, Netherlands (processed mango only), Qatar, Kuwait, Jordan, Norway  

Objectives 1. To find out the quality of mangoes exported from Kenya three years after the EU ban 2. To establish a protocol for mango certification that will ensure compliance to international markets requirements in reference to fruit flies and mango seed weevils

Methodology Fruitfly traps were installed in 17 farms in Makueni County Data for adult fruitflies was collected, recorded and analyzed. 162 Samples of mango consignments at exit point (JKIA) were collected from 14 exporting companies The samples were collected within the mango export season, incubated for ten days and cut to check for adult mango seed weevils and fruitflies larvae The data was recorded in an excel sheet and analyzed

Findings Number of mangoes infested by mango seed weevil and fruitflies at exit point

Findings Cont’ Number of fruitflies

Findings cont’ In Makueni County 25% of farms were found to have fruit flies (Bactrocera dorsalis) At the point of exit,3% of samples were found to be infested with mango seed weevil and 0.1% with fruit flies (Bactrocera dorsalis)

Discussion From these observations it was established that post harvest grading and quality control was able to reduce fruitflies and mango seed weevil to a level that could guarantee pest free mangoes from Kenya a reason of reduced infestation at the point of exit However, presence of 3% of infested mangoes fruits by mango seed weevil call for further action that would guarantee pest free mango fruits 25% Infestation of mangoes by fruitflies at farm level indicated a major issue in improper management of the pest Establishment and implementation of mango export certification protocol will ensure pest free mangoes at farm level Other protocol such as pest free place of production for chillies and system approach in pest management in roses have already been developed by KEPHIS and has proved to be effective in ensuring compliance to international market requirements

Conclusion The general conclusion from this survey was that establishment of a mango export certification protocol which incorporate proper pest management at farm level, proper sorting & grading at packhouse level and intervention by KEPHIS would gurantee pest free mangoes for export from Kenya hence compliance to international market requirements.

Way forward The main objective of this survey was to establish a mango export certification protocol of which its implementation will ensure compliance of mangoes to international market requirements The protocol is been developed Main aspects of protocol include intervention at at farm level, post harvest measures; treatments, packhouse, grading and KEPHIS intervention 1. Intervention at farm level -Monitoring of fruitflies and mango seed weevils using traps and scouting -Early warning systems -Use of IPM in pest management -Training of farm managers on pest management -Competence of farm managers -Operational plan

Way forward cont’ -Cultural practices and field sanitation -Chemical control -Mating disruption by use of pheromone traps --Harvesting at the right stage of maturity -Documentation and S.O.P’s 2. Post-harvest measures -Use of approved post-harvest treatment -Inspection and grading at packhouse -Training of packhouse staff on pest identification -Proper packaging to protect the produce during transport and handling. -Proper labelling -Traceability systems -Documentation and procedures

Way forward cont’ 3. Intervention by NPPO (KEPHIS) -Registration of mango exporters and production farms -Regular farm audits and inspections -Inspection of packhouse to ensure compliance -Sampling and inspection at exit point -Issuance of export documents at the point of exit -Training of new inspectors on pest identification and management -Communication strategies to importing countries

Acknowledgement I would like to thank the following individuals for supporting me accomplish this survey work. Dr. Isaac Macharia (KEPHIS), Mr. Dominic Kiambi (KEPHIS), Madam Sheila Cherop (KEPHIS), Madam Faith Maina (KEPHIS), all exporters who provided mango samples, farmers in Makueni County who allowed us to use their farms during the survey and KEPHIS management for giving us this chance to carry out the survey.

References CABI. (2016). Crop Protection Compendium, 2016 Edition. (c) CAB International Publishing. Wallingford, UK. www.cabi.org Fruit fly management for vegetable 2015.Horticulture innovation austaralia. https://horticulture.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Fruit-Fly-guide-Booklet.pdf accessed on 5th April, 2018 ISPM 07: (1997), Export certification system ISPM 10: (1999), Requirements for the establishment of pest free places of production and pest free production sites ISPM 20: (2004), Guidelines for a phytosanitary import regulatory system ISPM 21:(2004), Pest risk analysis for regulated non quarantine pests ISPM 22:(2005), Requirements for the establishment of areas of low pestprevalence ISPM 23:(2005), Guidelines for inspection ISPM 29:(2007), Recognition of pest free areas and areas of low pest prevalence ISPM 30: (2008), Establishment of areas of low pest prevalence for fruit flies (Tephritidae) ISPM 31: (2008), Methodologies for sampling of consignments KEPHIS Electronic Certification System (ECS), ecs2.kephis.org. Mango export data 2017 retrieved on 10th April, 2018. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: International Standards for fruits and vegetables-Mango e-brochure.

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