Outcomes of World War II

What deals did Allied leaders make before the war ended?

Yalta—February 1945 Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin Allied leaders agreed to divide Germany and Berlin Also agreed to “disarm and disband all German armed forces… to bring all war criminals to just and swift punishment and… wipe out the Nazi Party.” Deals with USSR In exchange for holding free elections in eastern Europe, USSR gets eastern Poland In exchange for declaring war on Japan, USSR gets Pacific islands

Potsdam—6 months later FDR died, was replaced by Harry Truman Churchill voted out, replaced by Clement Attlee of the Labor Party More tense than Yalta; more disagreement between USSR and other Allied Powers

Total War WWII was most destructive war in human history 60 million total deaths; over half civilian New technologies- atomic bomb, jet fighters Blurring of lines between military and civilian targets Holocaust Governments used propaganda to mobilize populations and economies Large numbers of women participated

The Holocaust

WWII Casualties WWII casualties totaled between 50 and 70 million people More than 80% of this total came from four countries: Russia, China, Germany, and Poland More than half of these casualties were civilians, most of whom were women and children

Country Military Deaths Civilian Deaths Total USSR 13,600,000 7,700,000 21,300,000 China 1,324,000 10,000,000 11,324,000 Germany 3,250,000 3,810,000 7,060,000 Poland 850,000 6,000,000 6,850,000 United States 500,000 Italy 330,000 80,000 410,000 Great Britain 326,000 62,000 388,000

Estimated Number of Jews Killed in the Holocaust Country Estimated Number of Jews Killed in the Holocaust Percent of the Jewish Population Austria 50,000 36 Lithuania 220,000 94 Netherlands 106,000 76 Bohemia / Moravia 80,000 89

Little Boy 15 kT (15,000 tons of TNT) City Casualties Area Destroyed Weapon Hiroshima 90,000-166,000 4.7 sq miles Little Boy 15 kT (15,000 tons of TNT) Nagasaki 60,000-80,000 1.8 sq miles Fat Man 21 kT (21,000 tons of TNT)

Human Rights War crimes tribunal Nuremberg Trials: 200 Nazis tried, 12 sentenced to death by hanging The Universal Declaration of Human Rights Established and adopted by members of the United Nations Provided a code of conduct for the treatment of people under the protection of their government

United Nations Purpose: to maintain peace by guaranteeing security of member nations Principles: self-determination, equal rights, cooperation UN Security Council—11 members, 5 permanent members with veto power: Great Britain, China, France, United States, Soviet Union General Assembly: each member nation gets one vote

End of European Dominance European powers’ loss of empire Greatly diminished role in world affairs lost ability and will to hold on to remaining colonies Establishment of two major powers (superpowers) in the world United States and USSR

Alliances North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Warsaw Pact Military agreement between Allied Powers, led by USA Warsaw Pact Military agreement between Soviet Union and its satellites Used to strengthen Soviet hold and suppress uprisings, justify invasions

Marshall Plan Truman administration feared economic collapse in Europe would lead to communist takeover USA gave $13 billion to help rebuild European economies USSR refused to participate or allow its satellites to participate or trade with the West

Iron Curtain By 1947, most eastern European countries were “satellites” of the USSR Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Yugoslavia Stalin broke his promise from Yalta and did not allow free elections

Reconstruction of Germany Partition of Germany Germany and Berlin were divided among the four Allied Powers (USA, USSR, France, Britain) West Germany Democratic government installed in West Germany and West Berlin Emergence as economic power in postwar Europe East Germany Economically weak and politically controlled by USSR

Reconstruction of Japan U.S. occupation of Japan under MacArthur’s administration democracy and economic development elimination of Japanese offensive military capabilities United States’ guarantee of Japanese security emergence of Japan as dominant economy in Asia

U.S. Military Bases in Japan and Germany