EVOLUTION GRADUAL CHANGE OVER TIME BY WHICH MODERN ORGANISMS HAVE DESCENDED FROM ANCIENT ORGANISMS

CHARLES DARWIN 1831 VOYAGE OF H.M.S BEAGLE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS: DIFFERENT CLIMATES LED TO VARIATIONS IN ANIMALS OF A SPECIES

JAMES HUTTON HYPOTHESIS: GEOLOGICAL FORCES FORMED ROCK LAYERS SLOWLY PROPOSED EARTH’S AGEAD MILLIONS OF YEARS OLD

CHARLES LYELL PAST EVENTS OF PROCESSES THAT CHANGED EARTH MUST BE EXPLAINED INFLUENCED DARWIN WITH PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY

JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARCK AMONG FIRST TO RECOGNIZE LIVING THINGS CHANGE OVER TIME ALL SPECIES DESCENDED FROM OTHERS ORGANISMS ADAPTED

LAMARCK BY SELECTIVE USE/DISUSE OF ORGANS, ORGNAISMS ACQUIRED OR LOST TRAITS DURING LIFETIME THESE COULD BE PASSED ON TO OFFSPRING AND LED TO CHANGE IN SPECIES

LAMARCK—TENDENCY TOWARD PERFECTION CONTINUALLY ACQUIRING CHARACTERISTICS FOR SUCCESS USE/DISUSE WOULD TRANSFORM ORGAN INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED TRAITS

THOMAS MALTHUS IF HUMAN POPULATION CONTINUED TO GROW UNCHECKED, SOONER OR LATER THERE WULD BE INSUFFICIENT LIVING SPACE/FOOD DARWIN SET TO EXPLAIN WHY THIS DID NOT OCCUR

DARWIN’S CASE ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES WAS PRINTED AFTER MOTIVATION FROM ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE NATURAL SELECTION DRIVES EVOLUTION.

EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE: COMPETITION WITHIN SPECIES FOR NECESSITIES (CENTRAL TO DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION) SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST: RESULT OF INHERITED ADAPTATIONS THAT ALLOW INDIVIDUAL TO BE BETTER SUITED FOR THE ENVIRONMENT

NATURAL SELECTION SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST: ADAPTATIONS ARE ANATOMICAL (QUILLS), PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES (PHOTOSYNTHESIS) BEST FIT WOULD REPRODUCE ORGANISMS WITH THE SUITABLE TRAIT

DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION SPECIES DESCEND WITH CHANGES OVER TIME FROM OTHER SPECIES IMPLIES ALL LIVING ORGANISMS ARE RELATED—COMMON DESCENT

EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION FOSSIL RECORD: OLDER SPECIES IN BOTTOM ROCK LAYER; MOST RECENT ON TOP

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF LIVING SPECIES TWO SPECIES ARE CLOSELY RELATED WHEN THEY SHARE COMMON ANCESTRY, REGARDLESS OF THEIR APPEARANCE SHARED TRAITS IN UNRELATED SPECIES BECAUSE OF SIMILAR ENVIRONMENTS-CONVERGENT EVOLUTION

HOMOLOGUOUS BODY STRUCTURES STRUCTURES THAT HAVE DIFFERENT MATURE FORMS BUT DEVELOP FROM SAME EMBRYONIC TISSUE LIMBS OF VERTEBRATES VARY IN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION BUT DEVELOPED FROM SAME GROUP OF CELLS VESTIGIAL ORGANS: NATURAL SELECTION AGAINST STRUCTURE

SIMILARITIES IN EMBRYOLOGY SAME GROUPS OF EMBRHYONIC CELLS DEVELOP IN SAME ORDER AND SIMILAR PATTERNS TO PRODUCE TISSUES AND ORGANS OF ALL VERTEBRATES

SUMMARY OF DARWIN’S THEORY INDIVIDUAL ORGANISMS DIFFER AND SOME VARIATION IS INHERITED ORGANISMS PRODUCE MORE OFFSPRING THAN CAN SURVIVE AND MANY THAT DO SURVIVE DO NOT REPRODUCE BECAUSE MORE ORGANISMS ARE PRODUCED THAN CAN SURVIVE, COMPETITION FOR RESOURCES OCCUR

SUMMARY OF DARWIN’S THEORY EACH UNIQUE ORGANISM HAS DIFFERENT ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES IN STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE. BEST SUITED INDIVIDUAL WILL SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE SUCCESSFULLY AND PASS THEIR HERITABLE TRAITS TO OFFSPRING

SUMMARY NATURAL SELECTIN OVER TIME FOR SPEICES WITH SUITABLE ADAPTATIONS SPECIES ALIVE TODAYU DESCENDED W/ MODIFICATINS FROM ANCESTRAL SPECIES THAT LIVED IN DISTANT PAST.

STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THEORY OFFERAS VITAL INSIGHTS TO ALL BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES EVOLUTIONARY THEORY CONSTANTLY CHANGES WITH NEW DATA DEBATE CONTINUES