Volume 24, Issue 4, Pages 281-290 (December 2017) The Garcinia kola biflavonoid kolaviron attenuates experimental hepatotoxicity induced by diclofenac  Quadri Kunle Alabi, Rufus Ojo Akomolafe, Olaoluwa Sesan Olukiran, Wale Johnson Adeyemi, Aliyat Olajumoke Nafiu, Modinat Adebukola Adefisayo, Joseph Gbenga Omole, Deborah Ifeoluwa Kajewole, Oluwole Olaniyi Odujoko  Pathophysiology  Volume 24, Issue 4, Pages 281-290 (December 2017) DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.07.003 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Chemical structures of the bioactive compounds present in kolaviron. Pathophysiology 2017 24, 281-290DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.07.003) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Scheme illustration of extraction process of kolaviron. Pathophysiology 2017 24, 281-290DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.07.003) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Effects of kolaviron and Livolin forte® on Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) Levels in Rats Treated with DCLF. Each value represents mean±SEM (n=5). *=significantly different from control. α=significantly different from group 2. ω=significantly different from groups 3,4 and 5 (p<0.05). Pathophysiology 2017 24, 281-290DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.07.003) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Effects of Kolaviron and Livolin forte® on Interleukin-1 (IL-1β) levels in Rats Treated with DCLF. Each value represents mean±SEM (n=5). *=significantly different from control. α=significantly different from group 2. ω=significantly different from groups 3,4 and 5 (p<0.05). Pathophysiology 2017 24, 281-290DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.07.003) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Histological scores for hepatotoxicity. (A) Control group with normal architecture (0). (H&E, ×400); (B) Group 2 (DCLF alone). Showing dilated central vein, mild paracentral, hepatocyte cell loss, prominent cell death and inflammation in the centrilobular areas (+3). (H&E, ×400); (C) DCLF and LIV group. Few centrilobular cell death and minimal inflammation. (H&E, ×400); (D) DCLF and 100mg/kg KV group. Mild cell death and minimal inflammation in the centrilobular areas (+1). (H&E, ×400); (E) DCLF and 200mg/kg KV group. A few cell deaths in the centrilobular areas. (H&E, ×400); (F) DCLF and 400mg/kg KV. Sinusoidal congestion, kupffer cell hyperplasia, cell death and inflammation in the centrilobular areas (+3). The black arrow shows cellular infiltration by mononuclear cells. The red arrow shows the lymphocyte cells. The yellow arrow shows the cell death. Haematoxylin and eosin (H & E) stain at ×400 magnification. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) Pathophysiology 2017 24, 281-290DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.07.003) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Histological scores for hepatotoxicity. (A) Control group with normal architecture. (H&E, ×400); (B) Group 2 (DCLF recovery). Showing minimal hepatocyte cell loss, moderate cell death and inflammation in the centrilobular areas (+2) (H&E, ×400); (C) Group 3 (DCLF and LIV recovery group). Few centrilobular cell death and no inflammation. (H&E, ×400); (D) Group 4 (DCLF and 100mg/kg KV recovery group). Mild cell death and no inflammation in the centrilobular areas (+1). (H&E, ×400); (E) Group 5 (DCLF and 200mg/kg KV recovery group). A few cell deaths in the centrilobular areas. (H&E, ×400); (F) Group 6 (DCLF and 400mg/kg KV recovery group). Mild kupffer hyperplasia, moderate cell death and inflammation in the centrilobular areas (+2). (H&E, ×400). The black arrow shows cellular infiltration by mononuclear cells. The red arrow shows the lymphocyte cells. The yellow arrow shows the cell death. Haematoxylin and eosin (H & E) stain at ×400 magnification. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) Pathophysiology 2017 24, 281-290DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.07.003) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions