Immigration

Waves Of Immigration Old Immigrants (1st Wave): 1700's-1870's Protestants from North and Western Europe New Immigrants (2nd Wave): 1870's-1900's South and Eastern Europe: Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia, Hungary Unskilled, poor, Catholic, Jewish

Immigration Factors Push: Out of homeland Religious persecution, Lack of opportunity, Famine, War Pull: Into U.S. Freedom, Jobs, Opportunity

Journey Travel (1-3 weeks) Arrival: Steerage-lower deck: Crowed, dirty, disease infested, seasickness Arrival: Ellis Island in the New York Harbor: Immigrants from Europe Angel Island in San Francisco Bay: Immigrants from Asia Subjected to legal and medical inspections

Test for the Feeble Minded: Find the 4 faces looking left

Challenges

Restrictions Chinese Exclusion Gentlemen's Agreement

Food for Thought…Discussion Where did immigrants live when they came to the U.S.? What problems did immigrants face in cities? What are “culture enclaves?” Do they create more problems within the city? What were some other problems that came about due to urbanization?

Emergence of City Planning Originally: Organic growth: built with no plans Example: Ancient Athens-everything was built around the Parthenon and agora Lead to city planning

Social Classes form Upper Class Middle Class Lower class Live in city center Fancy clothes, attend theater, etc Middle Class Managers, teachers, doctors, sales clerks, bank tellers Lower class Working in factories Live in tenements

Life in America Home: Urban/cities Housing: Tenements- Cheep, multiple families in single family dwellings Mass transit connects neighborhoods Problems: No running water Lots of Crime Poor sanitation (plumbing & garbage) Frequent Fires Chicago Fire 1871: burned for 24 hours 300 people died 3 square miles destroyed

Immigrant Jobs Steal Mills Coal Mines Textile Mills Seamstress

Nativism Nativism: Belief that native born white Americans are superior to new comers Discrimination: N.I.N.A. Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 (Decision) Prohibits Chinese immigration in the U.S. Except: students, teachers, merchants, tourist, and government officials Limits the Civil Rights of Chinese immigrants in US Gentlemen's Agreement 1907 San Fran, CA segregated schools-Japanese students Japan's gov't limited emigration to U.S. In exchange U.S. repealed San Francisco's segregation order

Covered with gold on the outside but made of cheaper material inside Gilded Age Covered with gold on the outside but made of cheaper material inside Amazing new inventions led to rapid industrial growth Large city populations Lots of jobs/workers Wealthy People (appears to be gold) Businesses Mansions Poor People (made of cheaper material) Tenements Low pay, poor working conditions Scandals in government/politics

Americanization movement Assimilate foreign cultures into domestic culture Teach: English, History/government, Cooking, Etiquette Results: Ethnic neighborhoods form-don't want to assimilate Reform Jane Addams established settlement houses in slum neighborhoods to provide services for the poor

Political Machines Controlled the activities of political party Run by “party boss” Offered services to voters/businesses in exchange for political/financial support Appealed to immigrants needing help Power to: Appoint jobs/licenses, influence courts, build parks, schools Attain citizenship, housing, jobs, other necessities PATRONAGE: give government jobs to people who helped a candidate get elected Lead to Fraud fake names to stuff ballot box GRAFT: illegal use of political influence for personal gain accept bribes for illegal activities Patronage “I just get [housing] for them, buy clothes for them if their clothes were burned up, and fix them up till they get things runnin’ again. It’s philanthropy, but it’s politics too-mighty good politics. Who can tell how many votes one of these fires bring me? The poor are the most grateful people in the world, and, let me tell you, they have more friends in their neighborhoods than the rich have in theirs.”

Tammany Hall Political Machine New York City’s Democratic political machine in 1868 Lead by Boss Tweed convicted of 120 counts of fraud/extortion Charged taxpayers $13 million to build courthouse-project only cost $3 million