BIO 255: Insect Diversity

I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context

I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context - aquatic/terrestrial (1 marine genus)

I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context - Detritivores

I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context - Detritivores - Predators

I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context - Detritivores - Predators - Herbivores

I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context - Detritivores - Predators - Herbivores - Pollinators

I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context - Detritivores - Predators - Herbivores - Pollinators - Parasites

I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context - Detritivores - Predators “Little things that run the world” - Herbivores - Pollinators - Parasites

I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context C. Why So Diverse? - mobile: can fly to new places and become geographically isolated from original population

I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context C. Why So Diverse? - mobile: can fly to new places and become geographically isolated from original population - tough: exoskeleton provides protection Against desiccation and predation

I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context C. Why So Diverse? - mobile: can fly to new places and become geographically isolated from original population - tough: exoskeleton provides protection against desiccation and predation - small: don’t require many resources

I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context C. Why So Diverse? - mobile: can fly to new places and become geographically isolated from original population - tough: exoskeleton provides protection against desiccation and predation - small: don’t require many resources - fecund: can produce many offspring, and so new population can grow quickly and persist.

I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context C. Why So Diverse? - mobile: can fly to new places and become geographically isolated from original population - tough: exoskeleton provides protection against desiccation and predation - small: don’t require many resources - fecund: can produce many offspring, and so new population can grow quickly and persist. - rigid external genitalia: so changes in shape create reproductive isolation/speciation.

I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context II. Evolution and Phylogeny A. Arthropod Phylogeny Arthropods evolve and radiate in the Cambrian Period: 540 mya

Misof, B., et al. 2014. Phylogenomics resolves the timing and pattern of insect evolution. Science 346:363-767.

I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context II. Evolution and Phylogeny A. Arthropod Phylogeny B. Insect Evolution “Entognatha” Protura Collembola Hexapoda Diplura Insecta “Ectognatha” Genetic clocks place the origin of the hexapods in the Ordovician, 480 mya, And the first insects in the Silurian, 440 mya (when the first land plants evolved).

I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context II. Evolution and Phylogeny A. Arthropod Phylogeny B. Insect Evolution - oldest fossils: Rhyniella praecursor – 410mya Devonian Collembolan

I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context II. Evolution and Phylogeny A. Arthropod Phylogeny B. Insect Evolution - oldest fossils: Rhyniognatha hirsti also from Rhynie Chert – 400 mya Oldest true insect: ‘Ectognatha’

II. Evolution and Phylogeny A. Arthropod Phylogeny B. Insect Evolution - Carboniferous (359-300 mya) Radiation

II. Evolution and Phylogeny A. Arthropod Phylogeny B. Insect Evolution - Carboniferous (359-300 mya) Radiation Paleopterans Radiate Neopterans Appear: - Polyneoptera - Condyloptera - Holometabola Meganeura monyi - largest insect ever wingspan of 70 cm

II. Evolution and Phylogeny A. Arthropod Phylogeny B. Insect Evolution - Carboniferous (359-300 mya) Radiation Arthropleura -largest terrestrial arthropod - 2m

Hexapoda Insecta Paleoptera Neoptera Polyneoptera Condyloptera Vericrustacea   Collembola: Springtails Protura: Coneheads Diplura: Two-pronged Bristletails Archaeognatha: Jumping Bristletails Zygentoma: Silverfish Hexapoda Insecta Blattodea: Roaches and Termites Plecoptera: Stoneflies   Notoptera: Gladiators Embioptera: Webspinners Phasmatodea: Stick Bugs Mantodea: Mantids Orthoptera: Grasshoppers Dermaptera: Earwigs Ephemeroptera: Mayflies Odonata: Dragonflies Paleoptera Neoptera Polyneoptera Diptera: Flies Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Siphonaptera: Fleas Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Trichoptera: Caddisflies Coleoptera: Beetles Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Hemiptera: True Bugs Thysanoptera: Thrips Condyloptera Holometabola

II. Evolution and Phylogeny A. Arthropod Phylogeny B. Insect Evolution - Evolution of seed plants in Permian (300-250 mya) and their dominance in Mesozoic led to radiation of herbivorous groups (Orthoptera, Hemiptera and Coleoptera)

II. Evolution and Phylogeny A. Arthropod Phylogeny B. Insect Evolution - Evolution of seed plants in Permian (300-250 mya) and their dominance in Mesozoic led to radiation of herbivorous groups (Orthoptera, Hemiptera and Coleoptera)

II. Evolution and Phylogeny A. Arthropod Phylogeny B. Insect Evolution - Evolution of flowering plants in Cretaceous (late Mesozoic – 144-65 mya) led to radiation of pollinating groups (Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera)

III. Insect Classification Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) – PARAPHYLETIC GROUP 1. Order Protura (Proturans) - minute, unpigmented, no antennae; use forelegs as sensory apparati. Eyes absent or reduced Detritivorous and fungivorous – in moist soil

- anamorphosis: hatch with 9 abdominal segments, and adds a segment with each molt; most families have 5 molts, one has 6

- no eyes - some families have no spiracles/trachea

- first species discovered in 1907 by Antonio Berlese - 500 species in nine families worldwide - 20 species in 3 families in NA Early woodcut by Berlese (1907)

ORDER: PROTURA Eosentomidae (8 species) Tracheate Abdominal appendages 2-segmented

ORDER: PROTURA Eosentomidae (8 species) Acerentomidae (9 species) Lack trachea and spiracles

III. Insect Classification Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) 1. Order Protura (Proturans) 2. Order Collembola (springtails) - minute, with antennae. Forked “furcula” folded beneath, and an abdominal knob (“collophore”). May be very abundant. Detritivores and fungivores.

III. Insect Classification Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) 1. Order Protura (Proturans) 2. Order Collembola (springtails) - minute, with antennae. Forked “furcula” folded beneath, and an abdominal knob “collophore”. May be very abundant. Detritivores and fungivores.

III. Insect Classification Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) 1. Order Protura (Proturans) 2. Order Collembola (springtails) Hypogastruridae -- the largest family in the order. These are small, plump hexapods that may lack compound eyes or a springtail (furcula). Includes the snowflea, Hypogastrura nivicola.

III. Insect Classification Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) 1. Order Protura (Proturans) 2. Order Collembola (springtails) Isotomidae -- second largest family in the order. These hexapods are elongate and lack scales on the upper surface of the body.

III. Insect Classification Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) 1. Order Protura (Proturans) 2. Order Collembola (springtails) Entomobryidae -- common soil-dwellers. The fourth abdominal segment is significantly longer than the others.

III. Insect Classification Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) 1. Order Protura (Proturans) 2. Order Collembola (springtails) Sminthuridae -- body globular in shape. The family includes the garden springtail (Bourletiella hortensis) which occasionally damages plant seedlings.

III. Insect Classification Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) 1. Order Protura (Proturans) 2. Order Collembola (Springtails) 3. Order Diplura (Diplurans or ‘two-pronged bristletails’) - small, with long antennae. Two caudal processes, either long or short and pincer-like. Those with pincers are predators, using them to pinch small arthropods. Others are detritivores. - ~800 species in 5 families

III. Insect Classification Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) 1. Order Protura (Proturans) 2. Order Collembola (springtails) 3. Order Diplura (Diplurans) Campodeidae -- approximately 34 North American species, all of which have long cerci (10-segments). Japygidae -- 28 North American species, all of which have short (unsegmented) cerci in the form of pincers (forceps).

Hexapoda Insecta Paleoptera Neoptera Polyneoptera Condyloptera Vericrustacea   Collembola: Springtails Protura: Coneheads Diplura: Two-pronged Bristletails Archaeognatha: Jumping Bristletails Zygentoma: Silverfish Hexapoda Insecta Blattodea: Roaches and Termites Plecoptera: Stoneflies   Notoptera: Gladiators Embioptera: Webspinners Phasmatodea: Stick Bugs Mantodea: Mantids Orthoptera: Grasshoppers Dermaptera: Earwigs Ephemeroptera: Mayflies Odonata: Dragonflies Paleoptera Neoptera Polyneoptera Diptera: Flies Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Siphonaptera: Fleas Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Trichoptera: Caddisflies Coleoptera: Beetles Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Hemiptera: True Bugs Thysanoptera: Thrips Condyloptera Holometabola

III. Insect Classification Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) INSECTA – (“Ectognatha” - Mouthparts visible) - ‘Apterygota’: Wingless True Insects (Paraphyletic) 1. Order Archaeognatha (Jumping Bristletails) - Three caudal appendages, and a high, rounded back and contiguous large compound eyes. Feed on algae lichens, mosses. Jump up to a foot, although the largest is only 15mm. Styli on abdominal segments. Family Machilidae

III. Insect Classification Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) INSECTA – (“Ectognatha” - Mouthparts visible) - ‘Apterygota’: Wingless True Insects (Paraphyletic) 1. Order Archaeognatha (Jumping Bristletails) 2. Order Zygentoma (Bristletails/Silverfish) - Flattened and larger, with well separated eyes and styli on abdominal segments. Three caudal appendages and scales (like butterflies) on segments. Detritivores.

III. Insect Classification Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) INSECTA – (“Ectognatha” - Mouthparts visible) - ‘Apterygota’: Wingless True Insects (Paraphyletic) 1. Order Archaeognatha (Jumping Bristletails) 2. Order Zygentoma (Bristletails/Silverfish) Family Lepismatidae Firebrat – Thermobia domestica Live in hot areas, near furnaces and such Firebrats have been known to live more than 6 years -- through 60 instars. It has been suggested that frequent molting is an adaptation that reduced the risk of infection by parasitic fungi.

III. Insect Classification Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) INSECTA – (“Ectognatha” - Mouthparts visible) - ‘Apterygota’: Wingless True Insects (Paraphyletic) 1. Order Archaeognatha (Jumping Bristletails) 2. Order Zygentoma (Bristletails/Silverfish) Family Lepismatidae Silverfish – Lepisma saccharina

Hexapoda Insecta Paleoptera Neoptera Polyneoptera Condyloptera Vericrustacea   Collembola: Springtails Protura: Coneheads Diplura: Two-pronged Bristletails Archaeognatha: Jumping Bristletails Zygentoma: Silverfish Hexapoda Insecta Blattodea: Roaches and Termites Plecoptera: Stoneflies   Notoptera: Gladiators Embioptera: Webspinners Phasmatodea: Stick Bugs Mantodea: Mantids Orthoptera: Grasshoppers Dermaptera: Earwigs Ephemeroptera: Mayflies Odonata: Dragonflies Paleoptera Neoptera Polyneoptera Diptera: Flies Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Siphonaptera: Fleas Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Trichoptera: Caddisflies Coleoptera: Beetles Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Hemiptera: True Bugs Thysanoptera: Thrips Condyloptera Holometabola

III. Insect Classification Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) INSECTA – (“Ectognatha” - Mouthparts visible) - ‘Apterygota’: Wingless True Insects (Paraphyletic) - ‘Pterygota’: Winged Insects (Monphyletic) - Paleoptera: “Ancient Wing” – unable to fold the wing down onto back 1. Order Ephemeroptera (Mayflies)

III. Insect Classification Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) INSECTA – (“Ectognatha” - Mouthparts visible) - ‘Apterygota’: Wingless True Insects (Paraphyletic) - ‘Pterygota’: Winged Insects (Monphyletic) - Paleoptera: “Ancient Wing” – unable to fold the wing down onto back 1. Order Ephemeroptera (Mayflies) 2. Order Odonata (Dragonflies and Damselflies)

Hexapoda Insecta Paleoptera Neoptera Polyneoptera Condyloptera Vericrustacea   Collembola: Springtails Protura: Coneheads Diplura: Two-pronged Bristletails Archaeognatha: Jumping Bristletails Zygentoma: Silverfish Hexapoda Insecta Blattodea: Roaches and Termites Plecoptera: Stoneflies   Notoptera: Gladiators Embioptera: Webspinners Phasmatodea: Stick Bugs Mantodea: Mantids Orthoptera: Grasshoppers Dermaptera: Earwigs Ephemeroptera: Mayflies Odonata: Dragonflies Paleoptera Neoptera Polyneoptera Diptera: Flies Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Siphonaptera: Fleas Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Trichoptera: Caddisflies Coleoptera: Beetles Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Hemiptera: True Bugs Thysanoptera: Thrips Condyloptera Holometabola

III. Insect Classification Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) INSECTA – (“Ectognatha” - Mouthparts visible) - ‘Apterygota’: Wingless True Insects (Paraphyletic) - ‘Pterygota’: Winged Insects (Monphyletic) - Paleoptera: “Ancient Wing” – unable to fold the wing down onto back - Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back Three groups within the Neoptera: Polyneoptera (Orthopteroida): Simple Metamorphosis, mandibulate mouthparts, large anal lobe in wing, if present. Blattodea: Roaches and Termites Plecoptera: Stoneflies   Notoptera: Gladiators Embioptera: Webspinners Phasmatodea: Stick Bugs Mantodea: Mantids Orthoptera: Grasshoppers Dermaptera: Earwigs

Order: Dermaptera - Earwigs Blattodea: Roaches and Termites Plecoptera: Stoneflies   Notoptera: Gladiators Embioptera: Webspinners Phasmatodea: Stick Bugs Mantodea: Mantids Orthoptera: Grasshoppers Dermaptera: Earwigs Order: Dermaptera - Earwigs

Order: Plecoptera - Stoneflies Blattodea: Roaches and Termites Plecoptera: Stoneflies   Notoptera: Gladiators Embioptera: Webspinners Phasmatodea: Stick Bugs Mantodea: Mantids Orthoptera: Grasshoppers Dermaptera: Earwigs Order: Plecoptera - Stoneflies

Order: Orthoptera - Grasshoppers, Crickets, Katydids Blattodea: Roaches and Termites Plecoptera: Stoneflies   Notoptera: Gladiators Embioptera: Webspinners Phasmatodea: Stick Bugs Mantodea: Mantids Orthoptera: Grasshoppers Dermaptera: Earwigs Order: Orthoptera - Grasshoppers, Crickets, Katydids

Order: Notoptera - Gladiators Blattodea: Roaches and Termites Plecoptera: Stoneflies   Notoptera: Gladiators Embioptera: Webspinners Phasmatodea: Stick Bugs Mantodea: Mantids Orthoptera: Grasshoppers Dermaptera: Earwigs Order: Notoptera - Gladiators

Order: Embioptera - Webspinners Blattodea: Roaches and Termites Plecoptera: Stoneflies   Notoptera: Gladiators Embioptera: Webspinners Phasmatodea: Stick Bugs Mantodea: Mantids Orthoptera: Grasshoppers Dermaptera: Earwigs Order: Embioptera - Webspinners

Order: Phasmatodea - Stick Bugs Blattodea: Roaches and Termites Plecoptera: Stoneflies   Notoptera: Gladiators Embioptera: Webspinners Phasmatodea: Stick Bugs Mantodea: Mantids Orthoptera: Grasshoppers Dermaptera: Earwigs Order: Phasmatodea - Stick Bugs

Order: Mantodea - Mantids Blattodea: Roaches and Termites Plecoptera: Stoneflies   Notoptera: Gladiators Embioptera: Webspinners Phasmatodea: Stick Bugs Mantodea: Mantids Orthoptera: Grasshoppers Dermaptera: Earwigs Order: Mantodea - Mantids

Order: Blattodea – Cockroaches and Termites Blattodea: Roaches and Termites Plecoptera: Stoneflies   Notoptera: Gladiators Embioptera: Webspinners Phasmatodea: Stick Bugs Mantodea: Mantids Orthoptera: Grasshoppers Dermaptera: Earwigs Order: Blattodea – Cockroaches and Termites

Hexapoda Insecta Paleoptera Neoptera Polyneoptera Condyloptera Vericrustacea   Collembola: Springtails Protura: Coneheads Diplura: Two-pronged Bristletails Archaeognatha: Jumping Bristletails Zygentoma: Silverfish Hexapoda Insecta Blattodea: Roaches and Termites Plecoptera: Stoneflies   Notoptera: Gladiators Embioptera: Webspinners Phasmatodea: Stick Bugs Mantodea: Mantids Orthoptera: Grasshoppers Dermaptera: Earwigs Ephemeroptera: Mayflies Odonata: Dragonflies Paleoptera Neoptera Polyneoptera Diptera: Flies Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Siphonaptera: Fleas Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Trichoptera: Caddisflies Coleoptera: Beetles Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Hemiptera: True Bugs Thysanoptera: Thrips Condyloptera Holometabola

III. Insect Classification Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) INSECTA – (“Ectognatha” - Mouthparts visible) - ‘Apterygota’: Wingless True Insects (Paraphyletic) - ‘Pterygota’: Winged Insects (Monphyletic) - Paleoptera: “Ancient Wing” – unable to fold the wing down onto back - Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back Three groups within the Neoptera: Polyneoptera (Orthopteroida): Simple Metamorphosis, mandibulate mouthparts, large anal lobe in wing, if present. Condyloptera (Hemipteroida, in part): Sucking mouthparts, simple metamorphosis Hemiptera: True Bugs Thysanoptera: Thrips

Order: Hemiptera – True Bugs (Cicadas, Leaf Hoppers, Aphids) Thysanoptera: Thrips Order: Hemiptera – True Bugs (Cicadas, Leaf Hoppers, Aphids)

Order: Thysanoptera – Thrips Hemiptera: True Bugs Thysanoptera: Thrips Order: Thysanoptera – Thrips

III. Insect Classification Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) INSECTA – (“Ectognatha” - Mouthparts visible) - ‘Apterygota’: Wingless True Insects (Paraphyletic) - ‘Pterygota’: Winged Insects (Monphyletic) - Paleoptera: “Ancient Wing” – unable to fold the wing down onto back - Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back Three groups within the Neoptera: Polyneoptera (Orthopteroida): Simple Metamorphosis, mandibulate mouthparts, large anal lobe in wing, if present. Condyloptera (Hemipteroida, in part): Sucking mouthparts, simple metamorphosis Holometabola (Endopterygota): Complete metamorphosis

Hexapoda Insecta Paleoptera Neoptera Polyneoptera Condyloptera Vericrustacea   Collembola: Springtails Protura: Coneheads Diplura: Two-pronged Bristletails Archaeognatha: Jumping Bristletails Zygentoma: Silverfish Hexapoda Insecta Blattodea: Roaches and Termites Plecoptera: Stoneflies   Notoptera: Gladiators Embioptera: Webspinners Phasmatodea: Stick Bugs Mantodea: Mantids Orthoptera: Grasshoppers Dermaptera: Earwigs Ephemeroptera: Mayflies Odonata: Dragonflies Paleoptera Neoptera Polyneoptera Diptera: Flies Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Siphonaptera: Fleas Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Trichoptera: Caddisflies Coleoptera: Beetles Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Hemiptera: True Bugs Thysanoptera: Thrips Condyloptera Holometabola

Order: Psocodea – Bark and True Lice Diptera: Flies Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Siphonaptera: Fleas Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Trichoptera: Caddisflies Coleoptera: Beetles Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Holometabola Order: Psocodea – Bark and True Lice

Order: Hymenoptera – Ants, Bees, and Wasps Diptera: Flies Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Siphonaptera: Fleas Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Trichoptera: Caddisflies Coleoptera: Beetles Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Holometabola Order: Hymenoptera – Ants, Bees, and Wasps

Order: Megaloptera - Dobsonflies Diptera: Flies Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Siphonaptera: Fleas Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Trichoptera: Caddisflies Coleoptera: Beetles Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Holometabola Order: Megaloptera - Dobsonflies

Order: Neuroptera – Lacewings and kin Diptera: Flies Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Siphonaptera: Fleas Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Trichoptera: Caddisflies Coleoptera: Beetles Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Holometabola Order: Neuroptera – Lacewings and kin

Order: Strepsiptera – Twisted-winged Parasites Diptera: Flies Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Siphonaptera: Fleas Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Trichoptera: Caddisflies Coleoptera: Beetles Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Holometabola Order: Strepsiptera – Twisted-winged Parasites

Order: Coleoptera - Beetles Diptera: Flies Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Siphonaptera: Fleas Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Trichoptera: Caddisflies Coleoptera: Beetles Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Holometabola Order: Coleoptera - Beetles

Order: Trichoptera - Caddisflies Diptera: Flies Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Siphonaptera: Fleas Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Trichoptera: Caddisflies Coleoptera: Beetles Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Holometabola Order: Trichoptera - Caddisflies

Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Diptera: Flies Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Siphonaptera: Fleas Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Trichoptera: Caddisflies Coleoptera: Beetles Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Holometabola Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths

Order: Siphonaptera - Fleas Diptera: Flies Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Siphonaptera: Fleas Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Trichoptera: Caddisflies Coleoptera: Beetles Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Holometabola Order: Siphonaptera - Fleas

Order: Mecoptera - Scorpionflies Diptera: Flies Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Siphonaptera: Fleas Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Trichoptera: Caddisflies Coleoptera: Beetles Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Holometabola Order: Mecoptera - Scorpionflies

Order: Diptera – True Flies Diptera: Flies Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Siphonaptera: Fleas Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Trichoptera: Caddisflies Coleoptera: Beetles Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Holometabola Order: Diptera – True Flies

PHEW!!!! Hexapoda Insecta Paleoptera Neoptera Polyneoptera Vericrustacea   Collembola: Springtails Protura: Coneheads Diplura: Two-pronged Bristletails Archaeognatha: Jumping Bristletails Zygentoma: Silverfish Hexapoda Insecta Blattodea: Roaches and Termites Plecoptera: Stoneflies   Notoptera: Gladiators Embioptera: Webspinners Phasmatodea: Stick Bugs Mantodea: Mantids Orthoptera: Grasshoppers Dermaptera: Earwigs Ephemeroptera: Mayflies Odonata: Dragonflies Paleoptera Neoptera PHEW!!!! Polyneoptera Diptera: Flies Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Siphonaptera: Fleas Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Trichoptera: Caddisflies Coleoptera: Beetles Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Hemiptera: True Bugs Thysanoptera: Thrips Condyloptera Holometabola

IV. Insect Anatomy

IV. Insect Anatomy

IV. Insect Anatomy Insect head site

IV. Insect Anatomy

IV. Insect Anatomy

Pinning and Labeling Insects

Pinning and Labeling Insects

Pinning and Labeling Insects

Pinning and Labeling Insects 384600 E 3893800 N (UTM) USA, South Carolina, Greenville Co. East slope Hogback Mtn. FF# 423 3 August 2011 A. Schulz