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Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2017.71 Figure 3 Extracellular vesicle biogenesis and functional role in liver physiology and pathology Figure 3 | Extracellular vesicle biogenesis and functional role in liver physiology and pathology. Biliary extracellular vesicles (EVs) can exert functional effects in various signalling pathways including protein kinase activation and decreased cholangiocyte proliferation. Exosomes secreted by hepatocytes induce proliferative functions in liver regeneration and have a role in the spread of infection in viral hepatitis. In alcoholic hepatitis, hepatocyte-derived exosomes contain different microRNAs (miRs) that induce a hyperinflammatory phenotype. In hepatocellular carcinoma, exosomes showed pro-tumorigenic activity associated with tumour progression. CEACAM, carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule; EPK, eukaryotic protein kinase; ESCRT, endosomal sorting complexes required for transport; S1P, sphingosine-1-phosphate. SEC, sinusoidal endothelial cells; SK2, sphingosine kinase 2. Szabo, G. & Momen-Heravi, F. (2017) Extracellular vesicles in liver disease and potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2017.71