Presynaptic inhibition of the release of multiple major central nervous system neurotransmitter types by the inhaled anaesthetic isoflurane R.I. Westphalen,

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Presynaptic inhibition of the release of multiple major central nervous system neurotransmitter types by the inhaled anaesthetic isoflurane R.I. Westphalen, K.M. Desai, Hemmings H.C. British Journal of Anaesthesia Volume 110, Issue 4, Pages 592-599 (April 2013) DOI: 10.1093/bja/aes448 Copyright © 2013 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 Inhibition by isoflurane of glutamate release evoked by 100 µM or 1 mM 4AP, or by 15 mM extracellular K+. Control release values are shown on the left [mean (sd)]. Shaded area indicates the clinical concentration range of isoflurane for general anaesthesia in rat (0.5–2 times MAC). British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013 110, 592-599DOI: (10.1093/bja/aes448) Copyright © 2013 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 Inhibition by isoflurane of GABA release evoked by 100 µM or 1 mM 4AP, or by 15 mM extracellular K+. Control release values are shown on the left [mean (sd)]. Shaded area indicates the clinical concentration range of isoflurane for general anaesthesia in rat (0.5–2 times MAC). British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013 110, 592-599DOI: (10.1093/bja/aes448) Copyright © 2013 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

Fig 3 Inhibition by isoflurane of acetylcholine release evoked by 100 µM 4AP, or by 15 mM extracellular K+. Control release values are shown on the left [mean (sd)]. Shaded area indicates the clinical concentration range of isoflurane for general anaesthesia in rat (0.5–2 times MAC). British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013 110, 592-599DOI: (10.1093/bja/aes448) Copyright © 2013 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

Fig 4 Inhibition by isoflurane of norepinephrine release evoked by 100 µM or 1 mM 4AP, or by 15 mM extracellular K+. Control release values are shown on the left [mean (sd)]. Shaded area indicates the clinical concentration range of isoflurane for general anaesthesia in rat (0.5–2 times MAC). British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013 110, 592-599DOI: (10.1093/bja/aes448) Copyright © 2013 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

Fig 5 Inhibition by isoflurane of dopamine release evoked by 100 µM or 1 mM 4AP, or by 15 mM extracellular K+. Control release values are shown on the left [mean (sd)]. Shaded area indicates the clinical concentration range of isoflurane for general anaesthesia in rat (0.5–2 times MAC). British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013 110, 592-599DOI: (10.1093/bja/aes448) Copyright © 2013 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

Fig 6 Inhibition by isoflurane of the release of various neurotransmitters evoked by 100 µM or 1 mM 4AP, or by 15 mM extracellular K+. Shaded area indicates the clinical concentration range of isoflurane for general anaesthesia in rat (0.5–2 times MAC). The dashed line shows the degree of inhibition of 100 μM 4AP-evoked glutamate release for comparison. *P<0.05, **P=0.0002, ***P<0.0001 vs glutamate release evoked by respective stimulus. †P<0.05, ††P=0.0003, †††P<0.0001 vs 100 µM 4AP-evoked release. ND, not determined. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013 110, 592-599DOI: (10.1093/bja/aes448) Copyright © 2013 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions