4) Rhetoric in context 5) Reflexivity 6) Metaphors and Politics

4) Rhetoric in context 5) Reflexivity 6) Metaphors and Politics Since scientists move back and forth, there are reasons to challenge the priority of the empiricist over the contingent repertoires ; both should be subject to discourse analysis. (Gillbert and Mulkay 1984)

4) Rhetoric in context 5) Reflexivity 6) Metaphors and Politics There are two repertoires that scientists use, in different circumstances : empiricist repertoire contingent repertoire (Gillbert and Mulkay 1984)

4) Rhetoric in context 5) Reflexivity 6) Metaphors and Politics Empiricist repertoire that emphasizes lines of empirical evidence and logical relations among facts : the empiricist repertoire justifies positions. (Gillbert and Mulkay 1984)

4) Rhetoric in context 5) Reflexivity 6) Metaphors and Politics contingent repertoire that emphasizes idiosyncratic causes of the results, and social or psychological pressures on the people holding those beliefs : the contingent repertoire explain, rather than justifies, positions. (Gillbert and Mulkay 1984)

4) Rhetoric in context 5) Reflexivity 6) Metaphors and Politics Since scientists move back and forth, there are reasons to challenge the priority of the empiricist over the contingent repertoires ; both should be subject to discourse analysis. (Gillbert and Mulkay 1984)

4) Rhetoric in context 5) Reflexivity 6) Metaphors and Politics Three prominent rhetoricians of science have scrutinized James Watson and Francis Crick’s one-page article announcing their solution to the structure of DNA. (Bazerman 1988; Gloss1990a; Prelli 1989)

4) Rhetoric in context 5) Reflexivity 6) Metaphors and Politics

4) Rhetoric in context 5) Reflexivity 6) Metaphors and Politics The study of rhetoric and discourses has sometimes pushed STS in a reflexive direction. Reflexive approaches thus explore the construction of facts per se.

4) Rhetoric in context 5) Reflexivity 6) Metaphors and Politics There is a tension between the attempt to establish a fact and the attempt to show the rhetorical construction of that fact, because the latter appears to delegitimate the former.

4) Rhetoric in context 5) Reflexivity 6) Metaphors and Politics Reflexive approaches are very useful for learning about general processes of fact-construction, but do not by themselves solve any problems, and may create their own rhetorical problems. (see collins and yearley 1992; woolgar 1992; pinch 1993b; woolgar 1993 for some interesting exchanges)

4) Rhetoric in context 5) Reflexivity 6) Metaphors and Politics

4) Rhetoric in context 5) Reflexivity 6) Metaphors and Politics Almost every scientific framework depends upon one or a few key metaphors. (Hesse 1966; Haraway 1976)

4) Rhetoric in context 5) Reflexivity 6) Metaphors and Politics The ubiquity of metaphor and analogy in the sciences can be taken as evidence that literal language lacks the resources for easy application to new realms. (Hoffmann and Leibowitz 1991)

4) Rhetoric in context 5) Reflexivity 6) Metaphors and Politics Metaphors can define research programs rich with questions, insights, and agendas for research. (Boyd 1979)

4) Rhetoric in context 5) Reflexivity 6) Metaphors and Politics Theories and models are abstractions, approximating away from the truth. Metaphors can provide such a lens, allowing ideology and truth to coexist.

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