Catalysis Dr. Hidayat Hussain

Introduction to Organic Chemistry Chemistry of the compounds present in living organisms. They all contain carbon. Organic Chemistry is the Chemistry of Carbon.

A variety of organic products obtained from living things Introduction to Organic Chemistry Natural Sources of Organic Compounds Living things Carbohydrates/ Proteins/Fats/ Vitamins/Antibiotics A variety of organic products obtained from living things

Electronic configuration of carbon (ground state) : 1s22s22p2 Introduction to Organic Chemistry Unique Nature Of Carbon Ability to form four strong covalent bonds Electronic configuration of carbon (ground state) : 1s22s22p2 Carbon (ground state)

Electronic configuration of carbon (ground state) : 1s22s22p2 Introduction to Organic Chemistry Unique Nature Of Carbon Ability to form four strong covalent bonds Electronic configuration of carbon (ground state) : 1s22s22p2 Carbon (ground state)

Each carbon atom has four unpaired electrons when excited Introduction to Organic Chemistry Ability to form four strong covalent bonds Each carbon atom has four unpaired electrons when excited Tend to form four strong covalent bonds Carbon (excited state) Valency 6

Introduction to Organic Chemistry Ability to Catenate Carbon atoms link together to form chains of varying length, branched chains and rings of different sizes Catenation:  Ability of atoms in forming stable bonds with itself, hence joining up into chains or rings 7 7

Ability to Form Multiple Bonds Introduction to Organic Chemistry Ability to Form Multiple Bonds sp3 4 bonds sp2 1 bond, 3 bonds sp 2 bonds, 2 bonds Carbon (excited state) 8 8

Introduction to Organic Chemistry Functional Groups Organic compounds are classified by the the presence of characteristic functional groups. A functional group is defined as an atom or a group of atoms that effectively determines the chemical properties of an organic compound. 9 9

Introduction to Organic Synthesis Organic synthesis: is a special branch of chemical synthesis and is concerned with the construction of organic compounds via organic reactions

Introduction to Organic Synthesis Selectivity Most organic molecules contain more than one functional group, and most functional groups can react in more than one way, so organic chemists often have to predict which functional group will react, where it will react, and how it will react.

Introduction to Organic Synthesis Selectivity Most organic molecules contain more than one functional group, and most functional groups can react in more than one way, so organic chemists often have to predict which functional group will react, where it will react, and how it will react.

Introduction to Organic Synthesis

Introduction to Organic Synthesis Chemoselectivity Synthesis of Paracetamol 4-Aminophenol

Introduction to Organic Synthesis Chemoselectivity I  and II are similar to those of aldehydes and ketones, but there is also a third possibility III where a lone pair on the heteroatom Z is able to donate electrons to the adjacent positive center. The stronger this electron donation from Z the less positive the carbonyl C and the less electrophilic the carbonyl group.  The ability of Z to donate electrons is linked to its electronegativity... the more electronegative Z is, the less the stabilising effect.

Introduction to Organic Synthesis Chemoselectivity Reduction Reduction is a process by which a carbon atom gains bonds to less electronegative elements, most commonly hydrogen Oxidation Oxidation is a process by which a carbon atom gains bonds to more electronegative elements, most commonly oxygen

Introduction to Organic Synthesis Chemoselectivity Hydrogenation Palladium on Carbon (Pd/C) Paul Sabatier Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1912

Introduction to Organic Synthesis Chemoselectivity Hydrogenation Palladium on Carbon (Pd/C)

Introduction to Organic Synthesis Chemoselectivity Luche Reduction

Introduction to Organic Synthesis Chemoselectivity Luche Reduction Mechanism The mechanism of a chemical reaction is the sequence of events that take place as reactant molecules are converted into products.

Introduction to Organic Synthesis Chemoselectivity

Introduction to Organic Synthesis Chemoselectivity

Introduction to Organic Synthesis Chemoselectivity Chemoselective reduction of ketones over esters: Mechanism

Introduction to Organic Synthesis Chemoselectivity Reduction via LiAlH4 Mechanism

Introduction to Organic Synthesis Chemoselectivity Reduction via LiAlH4

Introduction to Organic Synthesis Chemoselectivity Chemoselective reduction of esters over carboxylic acids:

Introduction to Organic Synthesis Chemoselectivity Chemoselective reduction of carboxylic acid over esters Chemoselective reduction of carboxylic acid over ketone Chemoselective reduction of amides over esters