Chapter 1 Healthy Lifestyles OBJECTIVES: PAGE 1 Describe what Healthy People 2010 is meant to do. Lost five public health issues related to Healthy People 2010. Discuss how the health status of a population is measured. State one health issue or goal for each stage of the life cycle. Discuss the role of the nurse or health care worker in worldwide health improvement. Discuss the role of the nurse or health care worker in achieving Healthy People 2010 objectives. Healthy People 2010 is a 10-year report card issued by the United States Depart of Health & Human Services (USDHHS) concerning what has been accomplished in the area of health care in the United States and what is yet to be accomplished in the next 10 years. Healthy People 2010 identifies leading health indicators that are of concern in health maintenance. Leading Health Indicators Physical activity Obesity Tobacco Use Substance Abuse Responsible Sexual Behavior Injury & Violence Mental Health Environmental quality Access to Health Care

History of Health Care Early civilization believed that illness was due to natural or supernatural forces or the result of wrongdoing Used incantations, charms or herbs, magic, or folk remedies 6th century BC: medical schools established Hippocrates: first physician to believe that nature had a healing component Can you name some ‘natural’ remedies? Grandma Herman’s Cough Syrup: ½ tsp whiskey/1 tsp of honey/dash of lemon Put meat tenderizer on area where a stinger from a bee, wasp or hornet has been removed: Remove the stinger by brushing a plastic credit card across the skin

History of Health Care (continued) Middle Ages: medicine and religion were interwoven 19th century: bacteriology developed 20th century: infectious diseases were major causes of deaths, but marked improvements were seen in Sanitation Water Food Quality of life Use of vaccines and antibiotics When was the first antibiotic created and by whom? 1928 Sr. Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillin In the 19th century, the development of bacteriology helped in the understanding of the disease process.

Health Care Today Improvements continue to limit the number of deaths Old diseases resurface TB Measles New infections appear HIV/AIDS Ebola Drug-resistant strains of organisms TEST QUESTION: What infection has recently resurfaced despite improvements and advancements in health care? TUBERCULOSIS

Contributions to Longevity Motor vehicle safety Advances in diagnosis and treatment for heart disease and stroke Improvements in safety Advancements in maternal child care Better nutrition Improved hygiene Improved technology Recognition of risks with tobacco use Improved genetic counseling HEALTHY PEOPLE 2020: Future national goal for health is Elimination of disparities in health care.

Healthy People 2010 Leading Health Indicators Mental health Injury and violence Environmental quality Immunization Access to health care Overweight and obesity Tobacco use Substance use Physical activity Responsible sexual behavior

Health Care Delivery Early beginnings 19th–20th centuries 21st century Managed care PCP HMO PPO POS MANAGED CARE: An organization that standardized medical practice guidelines to maintain quality of care provided while at the same time controlling costs of health care. PCP: Primary Care Provider HMO: Health Maintenance Organization – A group medical practice that offers prepaid care to members PPO: Preferred Provider Organization – An organization that contracts with professionals to provide care to a specific group of patients at an agreed-upon fee-for-service rate.

Concept of Health WHO definition: “A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” Holistic health Physical Psychological Social Cognitive Environmental influences WHO: World Health Organization

Health Health: a balance of internal and external forces leading to optimal functioning Health promotion: directed toward increasing one’s optimal level of wellness Health maintenance: focuses on prevention Health restoration: to restore function and compensate for losses

Healthy Lifestyle Practices Good nutrition Exercise Mental health Substance avoidance Disease prevention

Empowerment Empowerment is a form of self-responsibility Components Recognize own needs Solve problems Gain sense of control Access resources

Healthy Lifestyles Nutrition Exercise Mental health Stress and anxiety responses Avoidance of substance abuse A healthy self-concept

Roles of the Nurse in Health Promotion Caregiver Teacher Advocate Collaborator Role model Most important nursing role in health promotion is EDUCATION – Role of the Teacher **Teaching safe health practices** is the ROLE OF THE NURSE – TEST QUESTION COLLABORATOR: Sharing and exchanging information with other health professionals – TEST QUESTION

Levels of Disease Prevention Primary (health promotion) Basic hygiene, nutrition, exercise, immunizations, and regular check-ups Secondary Early diagnosis, screening, and treatment Tertiary (health restoration) Restore person to optimal functioning

Chapter Challenge Name factors that promote a healthy lifestyle Explain why empowerment helps foster good health Distinguish between the three levels of disease prevention Factors that promote a healthy lifestyle: Balance internal and external forces which lead to optimal functioning Goal directed with objectives clear How empowerment helps foster good health: 1. The concept of health is holistic in approach and includes not only physical aspects but also psychological, social, cognitive, and environmental influences. Empowering clients to make better choices gives them power over illness and disease. List two factors that interfere with people’s ability to change their personal habits. Lack of motivation and lack of information or education can hinder peoples’ ability to change their habits. Distinguish between the three levels of disease prevention: Primary prevention a. Taking vitamins b. Teaching breast self-examination c. Providing dental care 2. Secondary prevention d. Giving PT e. Doing range-of-motion exercises f. Giving immunizations 3. Tertiary prevention g. Joining AA

Case Study John and Lauren Barnes have recently married. The young couple wants advice on what factors they should consider important to their health and to the health of their future children. Both individuals work full-time jobs. John sometimes works overtime, and Lauren attends school at night. Neither has time most evenings to sit down to a regular meal; usually they both grab a bite to eat on the run in some fast-food restaurant. Since the wedding, both have gained about 8 pounds. The couple is saving some money, and, with company advancements and moving up the corporate ladder, they hope to have a large enough “nest egg” to start their family. 1. What health concerns would you have for this family? Poor Nutrition Lack of exercise Potential for Obesity Stress of job/school – what is done to reduce stress? Prenatal vitamins – at least folic acid if considering pregnancy: Getting to ideal weight before getting pregnant