Supreme Court Cases Gibbons v. Ogden—declared that Congress had the authority over interstate commerce; McCulloch v. Maryland—denied states the power to tax the national bank; Fletcher v. Peck—nullified state law that violated individuals’ constitutional rights to enter into contracts; Dartmouth College v. Woodward—prohibited states from interfering with contracts;
Foreign Agreements Rush-Bagot Treaty—fixed the U.S. border at the 49th parallel and gave U.S. and Britain joint occupation of Oregon Territory; Adams-Onís Treaty—United States gained Florida; Monroe Doctrine—U.S. establishes its authority over the Western Hemisphere (1823) Response to other countries attempts to create new colonies or attempt to overthrow newly independent republics in the Western Hemisphere
Expanding Westward Moving west: to escape debts or the law, to find economic opportunity (cheap land) Ppl could change occupations
Balance of Slave and Free States 1818: ten slave, ten free states 1819 IL as a free state MO as a slave, but eventually free AL as a slave Missouri Compromise in 1820 admitted Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state, thus preserving a balance in the Senate, and divided the Louisiana Territory into slave and free lands (36 degrees, 30’ north latitude)
Chapter 7 Section 3
Expanding Democracy Changes Politics John Quincy Adams chosen by H. of Reps over A. Jackson in 1824 Jacksonians formed Democratic-Republican party Attempted to undermine J.Q. Adams Voting changes Many states didn’t require owning property as a qualification to vote
President Jackson 1828 campaign-Jackson portrayed his opponent as elitist, himself as one of modest beginnings Spoils system Incoming officials replaced former appointees w/ own friends 10% of federal employees fired by Jackson “kitchen cabinet”-friends he used as main advisors
Removal of Native Americans “civilized tribes”: Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek, Chickasaw, Seminole Indian Removal Act of 1830 Money was provided with which to negotiate treaties to move Native Americans west Jackson used troops to force removal of Native Americans Didn’t think assimilation was possible Thought troops would have to watch Native Americans in the east
Cherokee Fight Back Cherokee used judicial system to fight removal 1st case was not heard b/c Chief Justice Marshall believed nation had no federal standing 2nd case: Worcester v. Georgia(1832) Recognized as a distinct political community John Ross fought relocation, others promoted it. Trail of Tears Oct & Nov. 1838 groups of Cherokee sent to the West Ppl died along the trail Gov’t officials stole money Cattle were stolen