Skeletal System

Functions Support Protection Assist in movement Mineral homeostasis Blood cell production (hemopoesis) Triglyceride storage

Bone Structure Diaphysis – (long, cylindrical, main portion of bone) Epiphysis – (distal and proximal ends of bone) Articular Cartilage – (thin layer of hyline cartilage covering the epiphysis where bones form articulation) Periosteum – (connective tissue that covers bone where there is no articular cartilage)

Bone structure continued Medullary cavity – ( space within diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow) Endosteum – ( lines medullary cavity and contains bone forming cells)

Composition of bone 25% water 25% Protein fibers 50% mineral salts

Histology of bone Bone cells

Osteogenic Cells Only bone cell that can undergo mitosis Develop into osteoblasts

Osteoblasts Bone building cells Secrete collagen and other organic components

Osteocytes Derived from osteoblasts Form when osteoblasts become entrapped in matrix secretions “House Keeping” cells

Osteoclasts Derived from white blood cells Maintain normal development, growth, maintenance, and repair of bone

Calcification or mineralization Mineral salts crystallize in the microscopic spaces between collagen fibers After spaces are filled, mineral crystals crystallize around collagen fibers Mineral salts include: Calcium phosphate and Calcium carbonate Collagen and mineral salts make bone rigid yet flexible

Compact bone tissue Haversian system (osteons) make up unit of compact bone Perforating canals allow blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves to penetrate bone tissue (run laterally) Central (Haversian) canals – Run longitudinally and connect to perforating canals Concentric Lamellae – Hard rings of bone matrix that form around central canals

Compact bone tissue continued Lacunae – Holes that contain osteocytes and are found in lamellae Canuliculi – Channels filled with extracellular fluid and projections of osteocytes which allow osteocytes to connect with each other and pass blood born nutrients and wastes)

Spongy bone Trabeculae – Irregular lattice of thin columns of bone Spaces between trabeculae are filled with marrow Makes up most of the tissue of short, flat, and irregular shaped bones; most of the epiphysis of long bones and lines diaphysis The spongy bone tissue in the hip bones, ribs, breastbone, backbones, and ends of long bones is the only sites of hemopoesis in adults

Endochondrial Ossification

Development of cartilage model Mesenchymal cells crowd together in shape of future bone Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes

Growth of cartilage model Model grows in length by chondrocyte cell division More cartilage is secreted and chondrocytes die

Development of primary ossification Nutrient artery penetrates into model Osteoblasts move in from periosteum Osteoblasts deposit bone matrix over calcified cartilage forming spongy bone

Development of secondary ossification The hyaline cartilage of diaphysis is replaced by bone When nutrient artery penetrates into epiphysis secondary centers form

Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate Hyaline cartilage becomes articular cartilage Hyaline cartilage remains between diaphysis and epiphysis as epiphyseal plate which is responsible for lengthwise growth of long bones

Axial Skeleton Structure Number of bones Skull 1. Cranium 8 2. Face 14 Hyoid 1 Auditory ossicles 6 Vertabral column 26 Thorax 1. Sternum 1 2. ribs 24

Appendicular Skeleton Structure Number of bones Pectoral girdles 1. clavicle 2 2. scapula 2 Upper limbs 1. Humerus 2 2. Ulna 2 3. Radius 2 4. Carpals 16 5. metacarpals 10 6. Phalanges 28

Appendicular Skeleton continued Structure Number of bones Pelvic Girdle 1. Coxal bone 2 Lower limbs 1. Femur 2 2. Fibula 2 3. Tibia 2 4. patella 2 5. Tarsals 14 6. Metatarsals 10 7. Phalanges 28