10. 17. 16 Cell Structure/Function Pt 2 There are 3 handouts 10.17.16 Cell Structure/Function Pt 2 There are 3 handouts. Pick up one of each. Agenda: Video & Notes

Notes: Movement Through The Cell- Membrane Structure and Function

Membrane Structure and Function All cells have similar structures and those structures have similar functions Cell membranes: Separate living cells from their non living environment Are made of a phospholipid bilayer Are selectively permeable

Why is the cell membrane important? Plasma Membrane/Cell Membrane Why is the cell membrane important? Selectively Permeable: A membrane that allows some substances to pass through while keeping others out. The cell membrane is like a Fish net…lets water in and out, but keeps the fish in

Why is the cell membrane important? Plasma Membrane/Cell Membrane Why is the cell membrane important? Cell Membrane: Flexible, selectively permeable boundary that helps control what enters and leaves the cell.

Described as a fluid mosaic Fluid- lateral movement of molecules Mosaic- diverse protein molecules embedded in a framework of phospholipids

What are the 2 main parts of the cell membrane? Plasma Membrane/Cell Membrane What are the 2 main parts of the cell membrane? 1. Phospholipid bilayer: 2 layers of lipids (fat)

What are the 2 main parts of the cell membrane? Plasma Membrane/Cell Membrane What are the 2 main parts of the cell membrane? 2. Protein pump/channel: Proteins that help move large materials across the cell membrane

The body wants to maintain homeostasis What is homeostasis? Homeostasis: Regulation of an organism’s internal environment to maintain conditions needed for life. Running increases body temperature Panting decreases body temperature

Homeostasis What is homeostasis? If you sweat, you lose water…. If you drink water, and replace water levels… You feel good… You ARE in homeostasis! If you sweat, you lose water…. You get dehydrated…. You are not in homeostasis!

Homeostasis What is homeostasis? If you have a fever…. You don’t feel good…. You are not in homeostasis! If you don’t have a fever… You feel good… You ARE in homeostasis!

Insulin Shots lower sugar levels Homeostasis What is homeostasis? Diabetics can’t regulate sugar levels Insulin Shots lower sugar levels If your sugar is too high…. The blood is like syrup…too thick… Blood can’t flow…you don’t feel good…. You are not in homeostasis! If your sugar level is normal… Blood can flow…you feel good… You ARE back in homeostasis!

A cell membrane is like a window screen because: Question #1 A cell membrane is like a window screen because: a. it provides support b. it prevents water from entering c. it controls what enters & leaves the cell d. it prevents everything from leaving

b. Phospholipid bilayer c. Carbohydrate pumps d. Protein pumps Question #2 These allow larger substances to move into and out of the cell membrane: a. Lipids b. Phospholipid bilayer c. Carbohydrate pumps d. Protein pumps

This is another name for the cell membrane: Question #3 This is another name for the cell membrane: a. Nucleus b. Phospholipid bilayer c. Homeostasis d. Protein pump

What is a word that can be associated with “homeostasis”? Question #4 What is a word that can be associated with “homeostasis”? a. Balance b. Unbalance c. Fluctuate d. Unstable

Concentration just means how salty the water is Review…. Solute: Any substance (like salt) that is dissolved in water is a solute. Solution: The combination of a solute (salt) and solvent (water). Example: salt in water = saltwater Concentration: Of a solution is the mass of solute in a given volume of solution. Concentration just means how salty the water is

Nature wants to be balanced! Remember… Nature wants to be balanced! One of the most important functions of the cell membrane is to regulate the movement of molecules from one side of the membrane to the other.

Movement of Substances- Can occur through both passive and active transport We will discuss these on the following slides

Passive Transport Passive Transport: The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration WITHOUT the use of energy. There are 3 Types of Passive Transport Diffusion Facilitated Transport Osmosis The next several slides are about the transport of molecules across the cell membrane that does NOT require ENERGY

What are the types of movement through the membrane? Diffusion is a type of movement of molecules through the cell membrane where the molecules move from an area of HIGHER concentration to an area of LESSER concentration. Example: Like moving from the city to the country Higher Concentration Lower Concentration

What is Diffusion? Diffusion causes many substances to move across a cell membrane but does NOT require the cell to use energy. Diffusion tries to get the solute molecules to be equal on each side of the membrane. When both sides of the membrane are equal in terms of solute, the cell is in equilibrium. All cells try to attain equilibrium (BALANCE)!

The sound & video does not always match up. Osmosis & Diffusion The sound & video does not always match up.

What are the types of movement through the membrane? If a substance is able to diffuse across a membrane, the membrane is permeable to that substance. Example: A sponge is permeable. Most cell membranes are selectively permeable which means that some substances can pass across easily and others cannot.

Lets look at a sugar-water solution. What is osmosis? Osmosis is another type of movement across a membrane. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Lets look at a sugar-water solution. One side of the membrane has a concentrated sugar solution and on the other side is a dilute sugar solution. What type of molecule is sugar? What does “Macro” mean? Can sugar easily move across the membrane? Macromolecule Large No

Water “Chases” the sugar! What is osmosis? Sugar cannot move freely across the membrane because it is too big. The water moves from where there is more water to the area where there is more sugar. So—in this situation, the water moves from an area of Low concentration of Solute to an area of High concentration of Solute. Water “Chases” the sugar!

What are the 3 types of solutions? There are 3 types of solutions. 1. Hypertonic 2. Hypotonic 3. Isotonic Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic

Water is still moving in & out equally! Isotonic As you know a cell tries to reach equilibrium. This equal state is also known as an Isotonic solution. Water is still moving in & out equally!

Water “Chases” the solute into the cell Hypotonic Example of a Hypotonic solution: Freshwater (no solute) The cell will have more salt in it and less outside of it. In a Hypotonic solution, water rushes into the cell causing the cell to expand and eventually burst. Water “Chases” the solute into the cell HIGH Concentration Low Concentration

How to Remember!!!! Hypo = EXPLODE

Water “Chases” the solute out of the cell Hypertonic Example of a Hypertonic solution: Saltwater The cell will have less salt in it and MORE outside of it. In a Hypertonic solution, water rushes out of the cell causing the cell to shrivel and shrink. Water “Chases” the solute out of the cell

How to Remember!!!! Hyper = shrink

Sit in a DESK! We need to quickly finish the notes, then we can start the gummy bear lab.

Cells in Solutions 5% 5% 5% Hypo = Below Hyper = Above Hypo = Explode Iso = Same Hyper = Shrink 15% .1% 15% Salt Salt .1% 5% 15% 5% 5% Salt 5% 15%

Osmosis Review

What is facilitated diffusion? Facilitated Diffusion is a process in which the cell membrane uses the protein channels to allow/help bigger molecules such as ions, sugars, and salts to cross in either direction. This is still diffusion! No energy is used to move these molecules. The protein channels just “help” the molecules across. Solute Cell Membrane Protein Channel

Video 1. The membrane encloses the cell & keeps it _______ inside. 2. Molecules are always on the ______. 3. Molecules move _____ a concentration gradient. 4. Is energy added during passive transport? 5. When the solution is low, the cell will ________.

Video

Video Questions stable move down Swell & may burst NO Answers 1. The membrane encloses the cell & keeps it _______ inside. 2. Molecules are always on the ______. 3. Molecules move ________ a concentration gradient. 4. Is energy added during passive transport? 5. When the solution is low, the cell will ____________________. move down NO Swell & may burst

Active Transport NEEDS ENERGY! To High From Low

What type of cellular movement requires energy? Sometimes, molecules move against the concentration gradient. This means that they are going from a lower area of solute to a higher area of solute. They are crazy! For this, they need energy to move against the gradient/difference. Example: Like walking up a hill. You’ll need ENERGY! ATP = Energy

What type of cellular movement requires energy? Active Transport uses the protein channels to move these molecules against the gradient with the input of energy. This is the only movement that requires energy! This type of transport is often referred to as a pump.

Active transport…needs ENERGY! 1 2 3 Low concentration of solute HIGH concentration of solute 1 5 3 4 2

Video 1. Moving against the gradient requires _______. 2. Some materials move into & out of cells against their concentration gradient. It is called ________. 3. Active transport is sometimes called a ______. 4. Some large molecules must be absorbed into cells by a process called _________. 5. Think of exo- for ______.

Video…a little long….will not see all of it

Video Questions Energy Pump Exit Answers Energy 1. Moving against the gradient requires _______. 2. Some materials move into & out of cells against their concentration gradient. It is called ___________. 3. Active transport is sometimes called a ______. 4. Some large molecules must be absorbed into cells by a process called ____________. 5. Think of exo- for ______. Active Transport Pump Endocytosis Exit

What are 2 types of Active Transport? There are 2 types of Active Transport 1. Endocytosis is the process of taking material into the cell by means of in-foldings, or pockets, of the cell membrane. This pocket, breaks loose from the cell membrane and forms a type of vacuole within the cytoplasm. Large molecules, like food and other cells can be taken up by endocytosis.

Endocytosis

2. Phagocytosis is the process of large particles being taken into the cell by means of extensions of cytoplasm that go out and engulf the large particles. This is a leukocyte (white blood cell) in your blood that is shooting out extensions to get the large particles that you see.

2 Types of Active Transport 2. Exocytosis is the cell’s ability to remove large amounts of materials out of the cell. During exocytosis, the membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell.

Osmoregulation- is the active regulation of the level of water in an organism Water balance problems are somewhat different for plant cells and animal cells

Osmoregulation in organisms

Osmoregulation in organisms

The End