Leadership Training Extended Unit 3: Navigation

Keeping Track of where you are How do you hold the map when navigating? Thumbing the map: Ticking off features is about being observant, having your map handy and checking your current position continuously as your walk progresses: i.e. “Thumbing the map.” BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

Navigation Techniques Aiming Off BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

Navigation Techniques 2. Attack Points BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

Navigation Techniques 3. Handrails BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

Navigation Techniques 4. Catching Features A handy way to keep on track is to identify features that tell you you have gone too far. BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

Navigation Techniques 5. Back bearing / resection You are standing at an intersection of 4 roads and wonder where you might be as there are a number of similar spots in the area. In order to confirm your position you decide to do a resection. BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

Navigation Techniques 5. Back bearing / resection - continued You can see three known high points and take a magnetic bearing on each of these. Warby North GR291856 11° Mount Warby GR288769 156° Knoll 356 GR239844 289° BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

Navigation Techniques Revision Contour interval 2 ° Red: positive (east) Blue: negative (west) Green: zero Map published January 2010 BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

Navigation Techniques 5. Back bearing / resection – Exercise What is the grid reference for the location where you are standing? Convert a magnetic bearing to a grid bearing by adding 11 degrees EAST (MGA) BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

Navigation Techniques Calculation of back bearing for Mount Warby GR 288769 Magnetic bearing taken to Mt Warby is 156° If bearing is < 180° add or > 180° subtract Therefore 156 + 180 = 336° Magnetic back bearing. To convert a magnetic bearing to a grid bearing when variation is Easterly: Add Therefore 336 + 11 = 347° Grid bearing BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

Navigation Techniques Calculation of back bearing for Mount Warby GR 288769 continued: Now set your compass to 347° and place on your map over Mt Warby and ensure the fixed red lines on the compass lie parallel with the grid lines on the north facing part of the map. Draw a line along the direction of travel (edge) part of your compass. BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

3.2 – Navigation Techniques BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

3.2 – Navigation Techniques BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

3.2 – Navigation Techniques BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

3.2 – Navigation Techniques BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

Navigation Techniques 6. Difficult conditions How can you successfully navigate in: Poor visibility/ foul weather Thick scrub / logs/ steep , uneven ground BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

Estimating distance Timing – Naismith’s Rule: For an average walker with a medium pack, allow one hour for -Every 4 kms of easy going -Every 3 kms of easy scrambling -Every 1.5 kms of very rough country/ thick bush BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

Estimating distance Timing – Naismith’s Rule - continued: Then add One hour for every 500m of up One hour for every 1000m of down Add one hour for more than 6 hours walking. BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

Estimating distance Timing – Naismith’s Rule - continued: This rule is for an average group - For fit experienced walkers reduce by a third - For larger groups, less experienced walkers, this rule may be optimistic BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

Estimating distance Timing – Naismith’s Rule - continued: Generally, experience has shown that a fit backpacking party moves at an average of 3km/hr in most normal situations. Remember that it doesn't allow for rests or stops. Naismith’s rule is a valuable navigation aid and also a useful way of working out how long your entire route will take. BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

Estimating distance 2. Pacing: How many paces do you take in 100 metres? Outside exercise! This can be very effective but requires concentration! Remembering how many hundreds of metres you have paced. One idea: have a set of small stones/sticks and place one down for each 100m. BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

Planning your route What navigational preparation do you need to do before leading a pack carry? What navigational factors do you need to consider ? BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

Planning your route Sample Route Plan Card Map 8525-2N Geehi Dam 258836 Scale 1:25 000 Contour interval 20 m Magnetic variation 13.3° Stage Objective Grid Reference Bearing magnetic * Distance   Time mins. Height +or - Details At Consett Stephen Pass 220772 1 To Mt Tate 213758 192° 1.7 km 1 hr +140m Rough ground and snow grass 2 To Mt Anderson via Mann Bluff 195740 218° 3 km 1:45 hr +180m -240m Picks up old rough fire trail BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

Planning your route Route planning card: You are asked to complete a route planning card for a pack carry in the Warby Ranges Start/finish GR276822 One night out in Spring Factors you need to consider: Timing, Weather, Group ability BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

1. Lost: The map must be wrong! Be careful. This is a warning sign Lost & Survival skills 1. Lost: The map must be wrong! Be careful. This is a warning sign What can you do to ensure you know where you are? BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

Lost & Survival skills 2. Survival: What are the basic techniques you can use to ensure survival? BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

NO Does this mean I no longer need a map and compass? Using a GPS: BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

Using a GPS: The use of map & compass should remain the primary method for navigation because: Loss of signals in some remote locations and in gully country Flat batteries Damaged or lost GPS unit. Map provides a much wider and larger area of the region being traversed, compared with the small GPS screen. BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

Using a GPS: Map is better to determine an escape route if needed; The use of map & compass should remain the primary method for navigation because: Map is better to determine an escape route if needed; If you can’t use a map to understand the terrain and topography, then the use of a GPS may not necessarily help you find your way out of an area; Nevertheless GPS use is becoming more and more popular and users don’t necessarily agree with the statement above. Beware! BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

Using a GPS: All map references were moved in 2000 approx. 200m NE which brought Australia in line with the rest of the world. This became the Geocentric Datum of Australia: GDA This allows direct readings from GPS units using default WGS84 datum (World Geodetic Datum) without need for correction.  Older maps (pre 2000) use Australian Geodetic Datum AGD 1966, which was superseded by GDA94 after 1 January 2000. To avoid a possible 200m discrepancy you must ensure that datum used in the GPS and map is the same. BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

Using a GPS: GPS is based on the principle of trilateration. This allows for calculation of a position on earth to be made by knowing the distance from 3 other known locations. Simple equation: Velocity x Travel Time = Distance.   GPS knows velocity of a satellite, how long for signal to reach earth and information from 4 satellites will determine a position on earth. (Resection exercise). BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation

Using a GPS: For bushwalking a GPS unit is a very good secondary backup. Set to provide a Grid Reference, it can assist when in: Fog and Whiteout conditions; Broken country when map information may be limited; Need confirmation of your location; Provide an exact location to the emergency services if necessary.   Garmin is a good brand name used by many bushwalkers and emergency services: Etrex 20 Etrex 30 64s BWV Walk Leader Training Extended Unit 3 – Extended Navigation