Cold War: Korean and Vietnam Wars

Background Japan had ANNEXED the Korean peninsula before WWI; Japanese defeated in WWII 1945  Allies agreed on a TEMPORARY solution = temporary division of Korea at the 38th PARALLEL SOVIET-occupied NORTHERN zone AMERICAN-occupied SOUTHERN zone

*As a result of WWII both Germany and Korea are divided into communist and noncommunist parts

A Pro-American government formed in South Korea and a Communist regime was established in North Korea.

Korean War American involvement in the Korean War in the early 1950s reflected the American policy of Containment of Communism War lasted 1950-1953 Containment  “American policy of resisting the expansion of communism around the world”

War breaks out in Korea Koreans on both sides of the dividing line wanted to unify their nation June 1950: the Korean War broke out when N. Korean troops invaded S. Korea over the 38th parallel border  *N. Korea was attempting to make all of Korea a communist state

U.S. response 1)Pres. TRUMAN brought the issue of North Korean aggression to the UNITED NATIONS

2)Truman ordered American AIR and NAVAL support + GROUND troops to aid the South Koreans.

3) Truman did NOT go to CONGRESS for an official declaration of war (as required by the CONSTITUTION) - Article 1, Section 8: Congress maintains the power to DECLARE WAR

UN Police Action The U.S. chose Gen. Douglas MACARTHUR to be the COMMANDER of the UN forces Americans made up roughly 80% of POLICE ACTION in Korea Police action: a LOCALIZED military action without declaration of war

Waging the War American military forces led a United Nations COUNTERATTACK that drove deep into NORTH KOREA itself. Communist CHINESE forces came into the war on the side of North Korea to PUSH BACK UN forces STALEMATE developed between the two sides

TRUCE signed in 1953 left Korea DIVIDED at almost the exact same place as before the war  near the 38th PARALLEL

Effects of Korean War 1) Enormous FRUSTRATION in United States  54,000 dead, 103,000 wounded for LIMITED results 2) RESISTANCE of Communist forces, containment WITHOUT nuclear war

3) INTEGRATION of UNITS in armed forces 4) Huge INCREASE in MILITARY SPENDING 5) Development of powerful MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL complex 6) Permanent MOBILIZATION of troops

Vietnam War American involvement in the Vietnam War also reflected the Cold War policy of Containment of Communism

Background 1900’s France controlled most of Southeast Asia. 1941 Japanese take control Japanese left Vietnam 1945 as a result of WWII French regain control

Leader of North Korea from 1954-1969 Ho Chi Minh Ho Chi Minh founded the *Vietminh League; their goal was expansion of communism *Becomes the communist leader of Vietnam Ho Chi Minh Leader of North Korea from 1954-1969

American Fear *“DOMINO theory”: refers to the fear that if one Southeast Asian nation fell to the Communists, the others would also fall *The US based it’s involvement in Vietnam on the domino theory

The American military buildup in Vietnam began under Pres The American military buildup in Vietnam began under Pres. Eisenhower and Pres. John F. Kennedy After Kennedy’s assassination in 1963, the military buildup was intensified under Pres. Lyndon Johnson

Gulf of Tonkin August 1964: Johnson announced that North Vietnamese torpedoes had attacked U.S. destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin (INTERNATIONAL waters) Johnson asked Congress for authority to take action against North Vietnam  Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Fighting the War Nearly 3 MILLION Americans served in the Vietnam War Battlefield conditions were difficult: Viet Cong (Communist guerillas in South Korea) were familiar with landscape South Vietnamese seemed indifferent Couldn’t trust anyone Intense heat, jungle climate

Ground War Viet Cong lacked sophisticated equipment, so they used GUERILLA warfare tactics Worked in small groups to launch SNEAK attacks Hid in elaborate underground TUNNELS Set BOOBY traps like camouflaged PITS and LAND MINES

Air War SATURATION bombing: huge B-52 American bombers dropped thousands of tons of explosives over large areas Chemical weapons: NAPALM: a destructive CHEMICAL, splattered and burned uncontrollably when dropped from airplanes, including on human FLESH

AGENT ORANGE  HERBICIDE that killed leaves and undergrowth to expose Viet Cong hiding places; also killed CROPS and caused HEALTH problems

Fear of Communism *The Western powers intended to make certain that Vietnam would not be completely under communist control!!! *As communism was spreading through the region, the U.S. increased its military support of South Vietnam in the 1960s

Despite the LARGE United States presence in South Vietnam (536,000 by end of 1968), Communist forces INTENSIFIED their efforts

Tet Offensive Major offensive launched by VIET CONG and NORTH Vietnamese on January 30, 1968 Communists were extremely BRUTAL, killing anyone they labeled an enemy Viet Cong won PSYCHOLOGICAL victory

Massacre at My Lai March 1968: U.S. infantry company entered MY LAI (small village that was supposedly sheltering Viet Cong) U.S. soldiers found only WOMEN, CHILDREN, and OLD MEN in the village  the U.S. soldiers massacred these civilians More than 400 INNOCENT Vietnamese died until a U.S. HELICOPTER crew stepped in to halt the slaughter

Political Divisions The country became BITTERLY DIVIDED over the Vietnam War. Some Americans SUPPORTED the American military and the war effort, hoped for military victory Other Americans believed the war was MORALLY WRONG, urged immediate withdrawal

Student Activism Active opposition to the war occurred especially on COLLEGE campuses Students were among the first to speak out against the Vietnam War: “SIT-INS” DRAFT RESISTANCE PROTESTS

Nixon and “Vietnamization” After Johnson declined to seek re-election, President NIXON was elected on his pledge to bring the war to an HONORABLE END. He instituted the policy of “VIETNAMIZATION”  WITHDRAWING American troops and replacing them with South Vietnamese soldiers, while maintaining military aid to the South Vietnamese

End of the War January 1973: U.S., South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and Viet Cong signed FORMAL PEACE AGREEMENTS

Ultimately “Vietnamization” FAILED when South Vietnamese troops were UNABLE to resist INVASION by the Soviet-supplied North Vietnamese Army April 30, 1975  North Vietnam completed its CONQUEST of South Vietnam North and South Vietnam MERGED under communist control

Impact of Vietnam War More than 58,000 Americans dead 300,000 Americans wounded More than 2,500 MIA (MISSING IN ACTION) and POWs (PRISONERS OF WAR)

LONGEST and LEAST successful war in American history United States spent at least $150 billion on the Vietnam War MORE bombs dropped on Vietnam than on all the Axis powers in WWII DIVIDED the nation more than any other war besides the Civil War

Vietnam War Memorial in Washington, D.C.