Chapter 19 The Nile River: A Journey from Source to Mouth Regional Geography Mrs. Lori Pearson

The essential question: How do rivers change as they flow across the Earth’s surface?

GEOTERMS Hydroelectric potential the electrical power that can be generated from flowing water

Aswan, Egypt

Hoover Dam, Las Vegas, NV

GEOTERMS Hydroelectric potential Perennial irrigation the electrical power that can be generated from flowing water Perennial irrigation “Perennial” means lasting through the year a system that allows for the year-round watering of crops

canals, pumps, “sprinklers”

GEOTERMS Hydroelectric potential the electrical power that can be generated from flowing water Perennial irrigation a system that allows for the year-round watering of crops River basin the area drained by a river and its tributaries. These tributaries are the smaller streams that flow into the main river. Rain falling anywhere in a river basin will eventually flow into the main river.

Congo River Basin

Water cycle the movement of water from the surface of Earth to the atmosphere and back again. (p. 290)

The Geographic Setting The World’s Longest River Nile River has two branches White Nile (longest = 4,160 miles) Blue Nile – meets in Ethiopia Source is the highlands of Burundi Rises and falls with the seasons Its gifts… water for washing, cooking, drinking, and crops Seasonal flooding leaves deposits of rich silt on river banks transportation and energy

Water for drinking and crops

Crops and Transportation

Hydroelectric Power Facility

The Beginnings of the Nile From Rainwater to Rivers: The Water Cycle 1. Evaporation 2. Water vapor 3. Condensation 4. Precipitation 5. Infiltration 6. Runoff Be able to label the diagram on page 290 (Every western cowboy participates in rodeos.)

The Ten Features from south to north

# 1 Lake Victoria the source of the White Nile Named after Queen Victoria of England Remained a mystery for many years Rainfall feeds the White Nile

Largest Lakes by Surface Area 1. Caspian Sea - Asia - 143,000 sq mi 2. Lake Superior - North America - 31,698 sq mi 3. Lake Victoria - Africa - 26,563 sq mi 4. Lake Huron - North America - 23,011 sq mi 5. Lake Michigan - North America - 22,316 sq mi 6. Lake Tanganyika - Africa - 12,702 sq mi 7. Baikal - Asia - 11,776 sq mi 8. Great Bear Lake - North America - 12,095 sq mi 9. Lake Malawi (Lake Nyasa) - Africa - 11,600 sq mi 10. Great Slave Lake - North America – 11,030 sq mi http://geography.about.com/od/lists/a/largestlakes.htm

Largest Lakes by Volume 1. Baikal - Asia 23,600 cubic km 2. Tanganyika- Africa - 18,900 cubic km 3. Superior - North America - 11,600 cubic km 4. Lake Malawi (Lake Nyasa) - Africa - 7,725 cubic km 5. Lake Michigan - North America - 4900 cubic km 6. Lake Huron - North America - 3540 cubic km 7. Lake Victoria - Africa - 2,700 cubic km 8. Great Bear Lake - North America - 2,236 cubic km 9. Issyk-Kul (Ysyk-Kol) - Asia - 1,730 cubic km 10. Lake Ontario - North America - 1,710 cubic km http://geography.about.com/od/lists/a/largestlakes.htm

Murchison Falls, Uganda Outflow Torrent Murchison Falls, Uganda

#2 As Sudd Place where White Nile divides into narrow channels to form a complex swamp system

#3 Lake Tana the source of the Blue Nile filled by rainfall floods once every year in rainy season

#4 Khartoum, Sudan Overlooks where the Blue and White Niles meet and form a confluence

Confluence - where two rivers meet Blue and White Niles don’t mix for a few miles after confluence

#5 The Great Bend The Cataracts of the Nile Cataracts are waterfalls/rapids The Nile passes over six cataracts Slows river travel Ancient kingdom of Kush

#6 Sahara and Nubian Deserts They border the Nile The river provides some nourishment for the small trees

Wadis are dry riverbeds that can experience flash floods if there is rain

#7 Aswan High Dam Regulates the flow of the Nile Provides hydroelectric power Lake Nasser is its reservoir

Aswan High Dam Benefits Negative Effects thousands had to move when it was built Abu Simbel traps much of rich soil formerly deposited by flooding chemical fertilizers water-born diseases on the rise 1960-1971; $1,000,000,000 (Britannica) Provides hydroelectric power to 60 million people City and industry development in Egypt and Sudan Controls river flow (flooding, drought, and travel) Created jobs by operating and maintaining the dam and allowing increased industries fish stocks in Lake Nasser

#8 The Farmlands of the Nile Rich and fertile from silt Farmers irrigate their crops with river water Farmers relied on the flooding of the Nile to water their crops, but now rely on Lake Nasser

Flood Plains of the Nile

#9 The City of Cairo Located on the banks of the Nile River Demand for water and the pollution of the river creates problems for 10 million people Sewage and industrial waste are dumped into river

#10 The Nile River Delta The Nile meets the Mediterranean Sea 155 miles wide This land is rich and fertile to farm

Nile Delta

Rosetta, Egypt

Damietta, Egypt

Alexandria, Egypt

Beginning to Think Globally Nile is the longest river in the world Amazon River in South America is second Yangtze River in Asia is third Ohio-Mississippi-Missouri River system in North America is fourth All rivers change as they flow across the surface of Earth some natural, some man-made water takes the path of least resistance

Global Connections What are the main benefits of building hydroelectric dams? Clean energy (no fossil fuels, no radioactive waste) Reservoir is a recreational source What are the main costs of building hydroelectric dams? Submerge towns, farms, and forests People are forced to move Loss of habitats for animals Do the benefits of damming rivers outweigh the costs? Rivers change and have major impact on people

Beauty of the Nile River

Blue Nile, Ethiopia

Aswan, Egypt

Luxor, Egypt

Rusumo Falls, Tanzania & Rwanda Border

Aswan Fishing

Got perch?

Puffer fish

Tiger fish (32 teeth & up to 155 lbs.

Thank-you, Q and Colin, for the text and illustrations of the 10 features!

Essay Elevation profile of the Nile (page 288) You’ll need to label the source and the mouth/delta You’ll write a two paragraph essay describing your journey