Leadership Programme for Senior Officers of Nepal Army Nepal Administrative Staff College Strategic management Basanta Raj Sigdel Leadership Programme for Senior Officers of Nepal Army

Agenda of the Session Strategy in an organizational context Strategic thinking Strategic management process Considerations

“If you don’t have a strategy, you will be … “If you don’t have a strategy, you will be …. part of somebody - else's strategy. - Alvin Toffler 3

Mind Reading What comes to your mind while talking about Strategy? Please create a PICTURE within 5 minutes that expresses the term- ‘Strategy’. An officer will draw a concept first and others will build on the concept already drawn NO COMMUNICATION while drawing Circulate your drawing to other groups Share learning in plenary in 5 minutes

Five Ps of Strategy (Mintzberg) Plan Perspective Strategy Ploy Position Pattern

Five Ps of Strategy PLAN Consciously intended course of action, a set of guidelines to deal with the situation PLOY Specific maneuver intended to outwit an opponent or competitor PATTERN In a stream of actions…consistency in behavior whether or not intended POSITION Means of locating an organization in an environment PERSPECTIVE An engrained way of perceiving the world

Strategic Thinking

Strategic Thinking

Strategic Thinking

Strategic Management … is the application of strategic thinking to the job of leading an organisation. “Managing strategically”, in other words: ‘Diagnosing situation strategically’, and ‘Applying knowledge strategically’ “… is continuous, iterative process aimed at keeping an organization as a whole appropriately matched to its environment.” Certo and Peter

Strategic Planning Strategic Planning is a disciplined effort to produce fundamental decisions and actions that shape and guide what an organisation is, what it does, and why it does it with a focus on the future (JM Bryson). It focuses on the best ‘fit’ between an organisation and its environment. It is defined as the process of addressing the following questions: The resulting document is Strategic Plan for performance improvement to achieve desired goals. A living document that has ability to create successful future of the organization.

Strategic Planning SWOT VMO Strategy The resulting document is Strategic Plan for performance improvement to achieve desired goals. A living document that has ability to create successful future of the organization.

Strategic Planning Process It is an ongoing process and involving a series of steps to be followed. Getting Ready (Agreement) Environmental Scanning (SWOT Analysis) Strategy Formulation (Identification of Strategic Issues, Vision,Mission, Objectives, Roles, Strategies) Strategy Implementation (Strategic Actions (Action Plan): Actions/Activities, By whom, By when, Resources, Indicators, Critical factors) Evaluation and Control

Environmental Analysis Analysis and diagnosis of an organization, often referred to as an Organization Audit or SWOT analysis. It is undertaken to assess an organisation’s ability to deal with its environment by identifying strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT).

Internal (Supply Side) Analysis An analysis of internal organizational factors which reviews and investigates the prevailing resources, processes and performance of organization. The analysis identifies major strengths and weaknesses - of all the key functional elements (Structure, Functions, HR, Finance, IT, Rules, Procedures, etc.). What are major internal Strengths and Weaknesses in terms of Structure, Resources, Processes, Performance, Culture, etc. ?

External (Demand Side) Analysis The analysis indicates the opportunities and threats faced by the organization from its relationship with external stakeholders. Major categories of external environment: 1. Forces and trends – PEST 2. Clients, customers, or payers 3. Actual or potential competitors or collaborators What major external Opportunities and Threats (Political, Economic, Social, Technology, Legal, Stakeholders, etc.) do the organization face?

Considerations Use precise, verifiable statements ("Cost advantage of Rs……/unit in sourcing resources x", rather than "Good value for money")- be specific. Reduce long lists of factors, and prioritize them, so that you spend your time thinking about the most significant factors.

Information for SWOT Primary Secondary Interview Sources of Information Primary Secondary Methods of Information Collection Interview Focus group discussion / Workshop Questionnaire Survey Observation Reviewing documents, reports, etc.

Exercise: SWOT Analysis

Areas of Diagnosis Human Resource Management Disaster Risk Management Defense Production Army Aviation Logistic Management

SWOT Profile

Strategic Issues Fundamental policy questions or critical challenges that affect An organization’s mandates, mission and values Organization/management Costs, financing Services Consumers, users…. About which something can be done. John M. Bryson, Strategic Planning for Public and Nonprofit Organizations:  A Guide to Strengthening and Sustaining Organizational Achievement, rev. ed. (San Francisco:  Jossey-Bass, 1995), 30

Strategic Issues Prioritizing Issues Example How to optimize technology in enhancing operational efficiency of the organization? Prioritizing Issues No action is needed at present, but needs monitoring Can be handled as regular planning Urgent, must be dealt with Actionable/feasible, Resources, Stakeholder readiness, Importance

Strategy Formulation Technically workable Strategy is an action oriented plan of operation for achieving desired goals based on situation analysis, and emphasises what an organisation will be doing in future. An effective strategy must meet several criteria: Technically workable Politically acceptable to key stakeholders Accord with the organisation’s philosophy and values. Ethical, moral and legal, Deal with issues it was supposed to address

Strategic options: TWOS Matrix (Weihrich) Opportunities Threats Strengths SO (Maxi – Maxi) ST (Maxi – Mini) Weaknesses WO (Mini – Maxi) WT (Mini – Mini)

Considerations in strategy formulation Organizational competence and resources to capture opportunities Environmental threats to its long-term well being Personal values and aspirations of managers Societal obligations and ethical considerations Organizational culture

Strategy Example: Foster institutional networking and coordination The Choice of Strategy depends upon organization's environment and mission and objectives.

Critical Success Factors Strategic Plan Objective Strategy Measures/ Indicators Target Initiatives Resources Critical Success Factors What / Activities Who When

Strategy Implementation Building an organisation structure to the requirements of the strategy Allocating resources and energies on accomplishment of the strategic goals Ensuring organisation-wide commitment Installing administrative support system Shaping the organisation culture to fit the strategy Exerting strategic leadership

Evaluation and Control The implementation of the strategy must be monitored and adjustments made as needed. Evaluation and control consists: Parameters and target values for those parameters Performing measurements Comparing measured results to the pre-defined standard Making necessary changes

WHY STRATEGIC INITIATIVES FAIL? When one is STUPID: Sponsorship not forthcoming Team member do not function as agents of change Unclear vision and commitment Poorly planned change programme Inappropriate/ Insufficient Communication Don’t take account of culture

The SUCCESS Principle Shared vision Understand the organization Cultural alignment Communication Experience help where necessary / Executive support Strong leadership Stakeholder buy-in / Systematic planning / Short-term wins

Conclusion Strategic Management originated as a discipline in 1950s and 1960s is “diagnosing situation strategically” and “applying knowledge strategically” to achieve objectives. It starts with getting ready for planning and moves on to addressing the questions: Where are we today? Where we want to go? How do we get there? Organisations to achieve their long term objectives successfully have to put strategic management into practice strategically involving key stakeholders in the planning process at some level.

The story continues…

Nepal Administrative Staff College Leadership and Management Training for the senior officers of Nepal Army Closing Ceremony 2075 Jestha 18 (June 1, 2018)