CLRS 321 Nuclear Medicine Physics and Instrumentation 1 Lecture 5: Interactions of Radiation with Matter Unit 1—the Physics Of Nuclear Medicine CLRS 321 Nuclear Medicine Physics and Instrumentation 1

Lecture 5 Objectives (Adapted from your Textbook) Discuss the processes of excitation and ionization. Describe the interactions of charged particles with matter. Describe the processes of photoelectric effect, coherent & incoherent scattering, and pair production. Lecture 5 Objectives (Adapted from your Textbook)

Interactions Excitation Ionization Charged particle or electromagnetic radiation supplies energy to outer shell electrons The “excited” electron moves to a higher shell or subshell Electron spontaneously returns to a less excited state giving up electromagnetic radiation Ionization Charged particle or electromagnetic radiation completely removes electron from atom Results in an ion pair Interactions

Charged Particle Interactions with Matter Alpha (+2 charge) Typically have energies between 3 & 8 MeV Requires about 34 keV to strip an electron from an atom Thus alphas can create hundreds of thousands of ion pairs in less than a mm of tissues Beta (minus) Can create Bremsstrahlung radiation (X-rays) when near high Z materials With pure beta emitters, plastic is better shielding than lead to avoid Bremsstrahlung radiation Positron (Beta plus) Tend to quickly undergo an annihilation reaction with an electron Charged Particle Interactions with Matter

Bremsstrahlung Radiation Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Annihilation Photons Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Photon Interactions with matter Represent electromagnetic radiation Visible light Reflected or absorbed X-rays, gamma rays, annihilation photons One of three (really, maybe four) possibilities No interaction (pass through) Scatter (and is usually partially absorbed) Completely absorbed And also may become matter and thus absorbed Rate of absorption increases exponentially with distance travelled through matter Photon Interactions with matter

Total absorption of a gamma photon at the expense of an electron Photon energy must be equal or greater than electron binding energy “Photoelectron” is ejected Electron falls from outer shell and emits characteristic X-ray photon Photoelectric Effect Paul Christian, Donald Bernier, James Langan, Nuclear Medicine and Pet: Technology and Techniques, 5th Ed. (St. Louis: Mosby 2004) p 52.

Coherent (Rayleigh) Scattering   Probability of Coherent Scatter (More likely to happen with low energy photons and high Atomic number atoms) Coherent (Rayleigh) Scattering Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Incoherent (Compton) Scattering Gamma Photons don’t just disappear when they confront matter—their energy has to be accounted for Compton is a type of scatter in which an electron is ejected and the gamma photon continues at a deflected angle The amount of energy that the photon is reduced is dependent upon the angle at which it is scattered when it ejects the electron The more the photon is deflected (greater angle), the less its energy it retains Incoherent (Compton) Scattering Paul Christian, Donald Bernier, James Langan, Nuclear Medicine and Pet: Technology and Techniques, 5th Ed. (St. Louis: Mosby 2004) p 53.

Interactions: Compton Scatter Compton events tend to increase with higher Z material The incident photon energy is equivalent to the binding energy of the electron and its kinetic energy of its recoil, plus the deflected energy of the photon The deflected energy of the photon can be calculated based on its deflected angle (θ) Interactions: Compton Scatter

Interactions: Compton Scatter The minimum amount of energy of a backscattered (180◦) Compton Scatter photon can be calculated as: The maximum amount of back-scatter energy transferred to the recoil electron in a backscatter event can be calculated as: Interactions: Compton Scatter Paul Christian, Donald Bernier, James Langan, Nuclear Medicine and Pet: Technology and Techniques, 5th Ed. (St. Louis: Mosby 2004) p 53.

Interactions: Compton Scatter An example for calculating the minimum amount of energy a Tc-99m backscattered 140 keV photon can have: An example for calculating the maximum energy a recoil electron can have from a maximum backscattered Tc-99m photon: Interactions: Compton Scatter

Interactions: Compton Scatter What does all this mean??? The minimal energy of a backscattered photon will form something called the “Backscattered peak” on the energy spectrum (we’ll cover that later). Emin of the backscatter photon and Emax of the recoil electron is energy-dependent and the difference between the two increases with incident photon energy Interactions: Compton Scatter

Interactions: Compton Scatter Radionuclide Photon E Emin of Backscattered Photon Emax of Recoil Electron I-125 27.5 keV 24.8 keV 3.3 keV Xe-133 81 keV 62 keV 19 keV Tc-99m 140 keV 91 keV 49 keV I-131 364 keV 150 keV 214 keV Annihilation 511 keV 170 keV 341 keV Co-60 1330 keV 1116 keV -- To infinity 255.5 Since the energy imparted to the recoil electron must exceed the binding energy of the electron, this means that Compton Scatter is more likely to occur at higher incident photon energies (to a point—we will soon see). Interactions: Compton Scatter From Table 6-2, p. 78, Physics in Nuclear Medicine, 3rd Ed., by Simon Cherry, James Sorenson, and Michael Phelps, Saunders: Philadelphia, 2003.

Interactions: Pair Production Requires gamma photon of at least 1.022 MeV to pass near a high-electrical field of a nucleus Energy is converted to matter (m=E/c2) A positron and electron are created, each with a mass equivalent of 511keV Interactions: Pair Production Paul Christian, Donald Bernier, James Langan, Nuclear Medicine and Pet: Technology and Techniques, 5th Ed. (St. Louis: Mosby 2004) p 53.

Next time: Attenuation and Transmission of Photons