What is the purpose of selective breeding? To pass desired traits on to the next generation of organisms.

Describe two techniques used in selective breeding. Hybridization Inbreeding involves crossing two dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms Disadvantage is that the offspring can be sterile For example: Mules are the result of crossing a male donkey and a female horse involves crossing two similar individuals to maintain a particular trait Disadvantage is that the individuals are genetically similar so recessive genetic disorders are more common For example: Himalyan cats may be inbred for their flat faces and color pattern

Why increase variation through mutations? By inducing mutations in a population, breeders can increase the amount of genetic variation available to create desired traits or organisms with the most desirable traits. For example: bacteria strains that can be used to clean up oil spills have been created by inducing mutations through radiation or chemicals. Plants that are polyploidy (poly=many, ploidy=refers to chromosome set) are larger and stronger than their diploid relatives

Manipulating DNA: Genetic Engineering The DNA is extracted Restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA at a specific location along the DNA sequence Recombinant DNA is created by pasting together two DNA strands from different organisms or individuals PCR, Polymerase Chain Reaction, can be used to make copies of a particular gene or section of DNA Electrophoresis is a technique that separates DNA fragments according to size by running an electric current through a gelatin medium

What happens during cell transformation? A cell takes in DNA from outside the cell and makes it part of its “new” DNA.

How can you tell if a transformation experiment has been successful? Genetic markers are used to make it easier to identify the bacteria that contain the recombinant DNA