From the black laws To civil rights The fight for equality From the black laws To civil rights

What Does This Cartoon Mean To You?

Prior to the Civil War In 1853, Margaret Douglass, a former slave holder, was sentenced to a month in prison for teaching “free colored children” to read and write.

Black Laws of 1861 Sec. 6987. A person of pure white blood, who intermarries, or has illicit carnal intercourse, with any negro, or person having a distinct and visible admixture of African blood, and any negro, or person having a distinct and visible admixture of African blood, who intermarries , or has illicit carnal intercourse, with any person of pure white blood, shall be fined not more than one hundred dollars, or imprisoned not more than three months, or both. Sec. 6988. A probate judge who knowingly issues a License for the solemnization of any marriage made penal By the last section, and every person who knowingly Solemnizes any such marriage, shall be fined not more Than one hundred dollars, or imprisoned not more than Three months, or both. January 31, 1861 What do these laws tell us about people in the South during this time period? Why did the government not protect the people?

Black Laws of 1878 SEC. 4008. When, in the judgment of the board, it will be for the advantage of the district to do so, it may organize separate schools for colored children, and boards of two or more adjoining districts may unite in a separate school for colored children, each board to bear its proportionate share of the expense of such school, according to the of colored children from each district in the school, which shall be under the control of the board of education of the district in which the school house is situated. May 11, 1878 This was presented in the Ohio House of Representatives by Hon. B.W. Arnett and Hon. J.A. Brown. After reading it carefully, explain what the passage of this law meant to the African American children living in Ohio?

Read the following speech made in the Ohio House by Hon. B. W Read the following speech made in the Ohio House by Hon. B. W. Arnett and Hon. J.A. Brown. What do you think they are really trying to say? I want it understood, that I am one of those who believe in the ability of the negro to teach as well as to learn. He can instruct the children as well as one of the other race. All he wants is a chance. He wants an opportunity to learn in the normal school the latest methods. HE wants a building properly arranged and located, accessible, light and fresh air, then he will give us as high a rate of percentage as others. But if he has disadvantage to work under, he will be as other teachers are. I do not argue that we must have white teachers to learn our children refinement, for I am of the opinion that our lady teachers in this country are as refined and cultured as any similar class in the profession. Therefore I do not want mixed schools because the negro is a failure as a teacher.

Plessy v. Ferguson brief for the plaintiff in 1895 that established separate but equal facilities for Blacks

School building in Camden, Massachusetts

Broken school bus in Louisa County, Virginia 1935.

Group of African American students in Seat Pleasant, Maryland Look closely at the students in this 1935 classroom. What do you think their education and their lives were like at this time?

School building in Louisa County, Virginia What does this image of a Black school say for the “separate but equal” facilities given to children in the South in the 1930’s?

elementary school in Hurlock, Maryland What do you notice In this picture that is different from other schools?

Drinking fountain on the county courthouse lawn in Halifax, North Carolina What stands out that seems very strange to you about this picture?

The NAACP Legal Team, 1933

Case of Murray v. Maryland 1936 for entrance in an all white University

Integrating University of Missouri Law School List 4 things you have learned by reading the letter concerning the progress of the case Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada.

Voters at the Voting Booths, ca. 1945 What positive yet negative aspects do you see in this picture?

What does the title of this 1947 paper tell us about civil rights in the United States?

George W. McLaurin Segregated to the Anteroom in 1948 Explain what this photo is telling us about education during this time.

Brief for Appellants, Brown v. Board, 1953

Waiting for Courtroom Seats Describe what you see in this photograph and the possible emotions of the people involved.

The Warren Court

Mrs. Nettie Hunt and daughter Nikie on the steps of the Supreme Court after the brown decision.

Attorneys for Brown v. Topeka Board of Education congratulating one another

University of Alabama Students Protest Desegregation literature by burning it in 1956

Governor George Wallace attempting to block integration at the University of Alabama

Vivian Malone at the University of Alabama

Segregation in Schools is Outlawed

Mrs. Rosa Parks Fingerprinted in Montgomery, Alabama Do you know why she was arrested?

Rosa Parks Arrest Record

Autherine Lucy's Attorneys Thurgood Marshalland arthur shores defending her expulsion february 29, 1956

Look closely at the three pictures of Martin Luther King Look closely at the three pictures of Martin Luther King. What might he be thinking, feeling, saying in each during the Montgomery Boycott?

U.S. Troops escort African American students from Central High

These 9 young people took a giant step towards equality in the face of adversity. Do you know who they are?

Bill Mauldin's Support for Integration What do you think the artist is saying in this political cartoon?

Ronald Martin, Robert Patterson, and Mark Martin stage sit-down at woolworth counter What positive situation do you see occurring here and why?

Civil Rights March in Washington, D.C., 1963 Looking at the signs carried by the marchers, what were they asking for?

Signing of the Voting rights act