Nuclear Chemistry Changes assorted with the internal structure of the atom Usually is a change in # protons Result is another element

1. Why? “The Conflict” Strong Nuclear Force Attraction of protons & neutrons to each other (one of the fundamental forces in the universe) Result: Pulls the nucleus together

Proton-Proton Repulsion Protons push away from each other Why??? Because they have like charges

2. The Role of Neutrons Insulate protons from seeing each other When the protons can “see” each other energy is made in the form of RADIOACTIVITY The ratio of neutrons to protons is critical

Radioactivity Too Many Neutrons? Radioactivity is the result of an unhappy nucleus The protons can see each other Nuclear changes occur to convert unhappy atoms to happy atoms   Too Many Neutrons? Creates Gaps

3. Decay Process Alpha decay Unstable nucleus emits (spits out) an alpha particle Alpha Particle: is a He nucleus [ 24He or 24] Example: Write the nuclear equation for the  decay of Uranium – 235. 92235U 24He + 90231Th (thorium)

Beta Decay unstable nucleus emits a beta particle out of the nucleus Beta Particle: a high energy electron [ -10] Step 1 A neutron splits into a proton & an electron Step 2 Proton remains in nucleus Electron is emitted (spit out) from the nuclues

Example: Write the nuclear equation for the  decay of Iodine – 125 53125 I -10  + 54125Xe (zenon)

Gamma Radiation Pure wave energy “Penetrating Strength” (means there are no particles used, just energy given off) *No equations needed* “Penetrating Strength” Alpha < Beta < Gamma (big / slow) (small / fast) (radio) Accompanies all other nuclear changes