Evolution: Change Over Time

Evolution: _________________ in the _________ ____________________________. There are two kinds of evolution:

________: _________________ to another new species ________: _________________ to another new species. In this theory, there are ____________________ of the species. Example: horses

_______________________: _____________ ___________________ of just a few genes in __________________________. Examples: anti-biotic resistant bacteria, Viruses/Colds, Flu

Populations can have ____________ _____________: the appearance of an __________________ that makes an individual different from other members of the same species

Adaptation An ________________ is a feature that is common in a _____________ because it provides some _______________ and are produced by ________________________. Bats usually feed by catching insects at night. Bats locate insects by giving off high-frequency sounds as they fly. These sounds bounce off insects and return to the bat. Echolocation in bats is an adaptation for catching insects.

Camouflage & Mimicry Allows organisms to _________________ ________________ in order to ________ ____________________________

Camouflage A floral mantid on a flower. a narrow-headed frog native to Madagascar. The frog's brown and yellow coloring, as well as its rough texture, allow it to blend in with the mud and tree trunks in its environment Camouflage A floral mantid on a flower.

John Baptiste de Lamarck Hypothesized that __________________ _____________ and that ______________ ___________________ from the species. _____________________ Inheritance of acquired characteristics

Charles Darwin Hypothesized that individuals _______________ _________________ survived and passed on these traits to their offspring. Also known as the ______________________________ ______________________________”. (means that only organisms with the _____________________________ __________________ are more likely to survive. …and therefore pass on those traits)

Darwin’s Voyage

—Charles Darwin from "The Origin of Species" I have called this principle, by which each slight variation, if useful, is preserved, by the term Natural Selection.   —Charles Darwin from "The Origin of Species"

Publishes “______________” presented later in 1858 (32 years after then end of his voyage) and published 1st in 1859

Observation 1 Species have ____ _______________ _______________ Populations would _______________ _______________ if all individuals survived and reproduced

Observation 2 But populations ______________ _____________, except for seasonal fluctuations

Observation 3 Environmental _______________ _______________

Observation 4 Individuals in a population ____ _____________

Observation 5 Much of this _______________ _______________ Fig 1.3b

1) Organisms ____________________________ ________________________________________ 2) _____________________ among individuals of a species. 3) Some variations enable members of a population to survive and reproduce better than others. ____________________ ___________________________ 4) Over time, offspring of individuals with ________________________________________ ________________________________________.

Natural Selection . There is __________ in traits. Evolution by ________________ as an outcome.

EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION ________________ ANATOMY ____________________ STRUCTURES ____________________ STRUCTURE ____________________ BIOCHEMISTRY

Evidences behind this theory Fossils—any _________________ from an earlier time and the most abundant evidence for evolution _________________________ contains the most fossils and is formed from mud, sand, and other fine particles

Formation of a Fossil Dead organisms are buried by layers of sediment, which forms new rock. The preserved remains may later be discovered and studied. Water carries small rock particles to lakes and seas.

_______________ —looking at where the rock is located _______________ —looking at where the rock is located. ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________. This method only provides an ___________ age of a fossil.

__________________________ —measuring how a radioactive element in the fossil (like Carbon or Uranium) has decayed.

Prehistoric termites trapped in amber Lizard in Amber Frog in Amber

Homologous Structures —body parts that are _____________________ __________________________________. Example: arms, dolphin fin, bat wing, bird wing

ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES

Vestigial Structures —a body part that is ___________________________________________________________. Examples: human appendix, wisdom teeth and muscles that are for moving the ears.

Pelvic Bones in Whales

Embryology —study of the ________________ ________________ (an organism in its earliest stages of development). Examples: gills and tailbones in humans                

What similarities do you see between these embryos?

__________________ —the closer the DNA sequences are in organisms, the more closely related they are. Example: DNA has shown that dogs are the closest relatives of bears. Human’s closest relatives are from the ape family. Cousins?

Example: Humans are most closely related (99.9%) to _________________.

Artificial Selection The process of intentional or unintentional _________________________ ________________________ which encourage the breeding of certain traits over others Also known as _________ ________________________

Artificial Selection Examples: ________ ___________________

The Case of the Peppered Moths ______________________ Pollution darkened tree trunks Camouflage of moths increases survival from predators ______________________ caused a shift away from _________________ ______________________ ______________________

Modes of Natural Selection

Types of Selection: Directional _________________ Shift in allele frequency in a ______ __________________

Types of Selection: Stabilizing ______________________________ ________________ ________________ Alleles that specify ________________ ________________ from a population

Types of Selection: Disruptive ____________________________ Both forms at _______________ _______________ Intermediate forms are ____________

SPECIATION _____________ ISOLATION

Original Population Descendants Founding Population A Founding Population B

MECHANISMS FOR EVOLUTION _____________ GENETIC DRIFT _____________ _____________

Endosymbiotic Theory Plants and plantlike protists Aerobic bacteria Chloroplast Ancient Prokaryotes Nuclear envelope evolving Photosynthetic bacteria Mitochondrion Primitive Photosynthetic Eukaryote Ancient Anaerobic Prokaryote Primitive Aerobic Eukaryote Animals, fungi, and non-plantlike protists