Volume 8, Issue 8, Pages (August 2016)

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Volume 8, Issue 8, Pages 738-747 (August 2016) The Relationship Among Neuromuscular Impairments, Chronic Back Pain, and Mobility in Older Adults Una E. Makris, MD, MCS, Tracy M. Paul, BS, Nicole E. Holt, MPH, PhD, Nancy K. Latham, PhD, PT, Pengsheng Ni, MD, MPH, Alan Jette, PhD, MPH, Suzanne G. Leveille, PhD, RN, Jonathan F. Bean, MD, MS, MPH PM&R Volume 8, Issue 8, Pages 738-747 (August 2016) DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2016.01.007 Copyright © 2016 American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Trunk extensor muscle endurance testing. PM&R 2016 8, 738-747DOI: (10.1016/j.pmrj.2016.01.007) Copyright © 2016 American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) evaluating neuromuscular impairments vs back pain status. Shown are graphs of (A) the adjusted mean scores of trunk extensor muscle endurance (TEE) according to back pain status (n = 403; P < .001); (B) leg strength according to back pain status (n = 385, P < .001); and (C) rapid leg coordination according to back pain status (n = 412, P < .001). Models adjusted for age, gender, race, education, body mass index, chronic conditions, depressive symptoms, and cognitive function. The error bars indicate standard error. PM&R 2016 8, 738-747DOI: (10.1016/j.pmrj.2016.01.007) Copyright © 2016 American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Four pairs of separate multivariable models evaluating impairments associated with performance on basic mobility tasks. TEE = trunk extensor muscle endurance; ROM = range of motion. Knee ROM refers to knee extension range of motion and Ankle ROM refers to loss of ankle dorsiflexion, both described in the Methods. PM&R 2016 8, 738-747DOI: (10.1016/j.pmrj.2016.01.007) Copyright © 2016 American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions