Principal currents of the Nordic Seas

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Presentation transcript:

Principal currents of the Nordic Seas Principal currents of the Nordic Seas. Shaded currents show upper ocean circulation; thin black arrows show deep circulation. ©American Meteorological Society. Reprinted with permission. Source: From Østerhus and Gammelsrød (1999). TALLEY Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved FIGURE S12.1

Classical and recent structure of the Nordic Seas water column: (a) with deep convection and (b) with intermediate depth convection. PW, Polar Water; RAW, Return Atlantic Water; AODW, Arctic Ocean Deep Water; and NSDW, Norwegian Sea Deep Water. Source: From Ronski and Bude´us (2005b). TALLEY Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved FIGURE S12.2

(a) Salinity, (b) potential density (kg/m3), and (c) potential temperature (°C) sections at 75°N across the Greenland Sea “chimney.” The last shows the whole section, while the first two are expanded views of the chimney itself. Source: From Wadhams, Holfort, Hansen, and Wilkinson (2002). TALLEY Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved FIGURE S12.3

Monthly mean Arctic sea ice motion from 1979–2003 from Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) passive microwave satellite data. Extended from Emery, Fowler, and Maslanik (1997); data from NSIDC (2008a). TALLEY Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved FIGURE S12.4

Mean sea level pressure from ERA-15 and NCEP-NCAR reanalyses for (a) winter (December–February) and (b) summer (July–September) ©American Meteorological Society. Reprinted with permission. Source: From Bitz, Fyfe, and Flato (2002). TALLEY Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved FIGURE S12.5

(a) Potential temperature (°C), (b) salinity, and (c) potential density sq in the Eurasian Basin, with the Russian coast on the left and Lomonosov Ridge at the right. Source: From Schauer et al. (2002). TALLEY Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved FIGURE S12.6

Volume transport budget for the Nordic Seas. Source: From Hansen et al TALLEY Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved FIGURE S12.7

(a) Winter (spring 1949) and (b) melting (spring 1950) sea ice in the Beaufort Sea. http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/htmls/corp1014.htm and http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/htmls/corp1104.htm (NOAA Photo Library, accessed 2009.) (Photographer: Harley D. Nygren.) TALLEY Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved FIGURE S12.8

Ice cover in the Barents Sea in early June 1994, using NASA AVHRR near-infrared imaging. Black indicates lack of ice (open water and polynyas). Source: From Anselme (1998). TALLEY Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved FIGURE S12.9

Kara Sea polynya distribution for January–April 2001 Kara Sea polynya distribution for January–April 2001. Light gray indicates land: Novaya Zemlya is at the bottom of the image. Dark gray is masked regions. Source: From Kern (2008). TALLEY Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved FIGURE S12.10

The Laptev Sea flaw polynya, imaged using Envisat advanced synthetic aperture radar, 1 May 2008. The polynya region is labeled as “new ice.” Source: From Dmitrenko et al. (2010). TALLEY Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved FIGURE S12.11