Development

Objectives Understand the process of enculturation.

Enculturation “the birth of each new generation of children is a recurrent barbarian invasion” (Talcott Parsons) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uWJDiAsMrrI process by which individuals acquire the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values that enable them to become functioning members of their societies

Enculturation Sensitive period: a time in an organism’s development that allows for the relatively easy acquisition of a set of skills; harder afterwards Sensitive Period for learning culture Discussion: Which kinds of American practices might you expect to be hardest to understand or adopt for those moving here after age 15?

Enculturation Influence of schools Discussion: In what ways are cultural values taught in the public school system? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PjGqzxBOY50 (through 2:45) Values about own and other countries, type of knowledge that is important, health, respect, power, responsibility…

Enculturation Who goes to school? What is school like? U.S. vs. China vs. Japan What is school like? East Asia vs. U.S. Parental expectations

Enculturation Influence of language Sensitive period Brain usage (bilingualism) Function vs. relationship Praise vs. criticism 9:25-11:23 Disc Psychology Culture

Objectives Describe cultural differences and similarities in socioemotional development.

Attachment Secure: curious/explorative when around, wants closeness after separation Avoidant: disinterested when around, little distress at separation Anxious/ambivalent: distressed if present or not, pull-push behavior

Objectives Describe cultural differences in parenting strategies and goals.

Parenting What kind of person should a parent be trying to create? What is a parent’s job or duty?

Parenting Goals Children must learn to overcome baser natures to please God (serve God) Children must revere & defer to their elders and be prepared to work towards the aims & welfare of the extended family (serve family) Children should be helped to reach their full individual potential on their own path to happiness and fulfillment (serve self) Children should be taught lawfulness, cooperativeness, studiousness, and dedication to national needs (serve country)

Parenting Styles Authoritarian – parent makes rules, child follows without question, involvement but little warmth Authoritative – parent makes rules taking child’s ideas into account, warmth and involvement Permissive Neglectful – parent is not involved and does not make or enforce rules Indulgent – parent is very involved but does not make or enforce rules Cultural differences Different parental roles, age at when styles change

Discipline Styles (1) physical punishment; (2) physical restraint; (3) reasoning, or child-centered explanations for why the child's behavior was inappropriate; (4) coercive verbal control; (5) low use of authority; and (6) behavior modification techniques Consequences http://www.videojug.com/interview/child-discipline-2 (2nd & 3rd segment) e.g. grounding vs. pushing out

Objectives Understand the cultural variability of transition periods (two, adolescence, aging).

Transitions Terrible Two’s Adolescence Aging

Transitions A good life eschew materialism, reach a nirvana state of perfect inner peace and oneness with an eternal reality (Hinduism, Buddhism, Tibetan Tantrism) loyalty and duty to God, love of fellow humans, and maintaining prescribed rituals (Judaism, Christianity, Islam) Need a well prepared transition to the next life - the present life as an extended preparation for a good death

Transitions A good death In meditation, after performing religious rites, lack of fear or last “bad” deed avoiding and minimizing pain, having treatment that matches the family’s preference, social and psychological support, close relationships near the end, having a full life, accepting one’s death, and not feeling as a burden