The Adaptive use of Networks to Generate an Adaptive Task Force

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Presentation transcript:

The Adaptive use of Networks to Generate an Adaptive Task Force ICCRTS 2008 Paper 021 Dr. Anne-Marie Grisogono, DSTO, Australia Mink Spaans, TNO, The Netherlands Mink Spaans

The Challenge: Increased Complexity Things are getting harder for defense – Increased Diversity of defense roles & security challenges  more to deal with Uncertainty and pace of change  less time to adapt Number of inter-related actors and effects  less predictable Number of constraints and public scrutiny  less options Therefore defense can’t be sure, in advance, of: What it will have to do, and with who so can’t optimize When it will have to do it so can’t prepare How to ensure success and avoid failure so can’t control Title: The Australian approach to agile Command and Control Abstract: DSTO is well know for their research on Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) and the application of the insights from this field in the Command and Control arena. Although CAS started as a long term research activity, the insights led to immediate recommendations and products like Adaptive Campaigning that are applied in today’s missions of the Australian Armed Forces. TNO recognizes the importance of the research on CAS and works in close co-operation with DSTO on the issues that C2 faces in the complex environment of current and future missions. The visit of Dr. Grisogono as part of this co-operation, gives an opportunity to hear directly from dr. Grisogono about the results of her CAS research and the implementation of these results. As such this mini-symposium will give an unique view on the Australian approach of Command and Control. The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008

How to deal with this Complexity? The premium will be more on the ability to… rapidly decide, as situations develop, what is to be done, how, who with, & how to measure success and failure rapidly assemble tailored diverse (incl. non-defense elements) teams and get them operational and effective, maintain effectiveness under unpredictable and rapidly evolving conditions, retaining ability to mount additional operations as needed dynamic properties of the force that ‘emerge’ as a result of many decisions about structure, process, doctrine, personnel, equipment, training, .... Requires Adaptivity …rather than on the ability to do particular kinds of operations very well – which is the ‘usual’ kind of mission effectiveness The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008

The Implications of adaptivity Defense needs to understand How to get better at being adaptive What the limits are of traditional approaches How to deal with Complexity and Adaptation at many levels How to develop adaptive complex systems (rather than engineer complicated ones) Consequences for all the DOTMLPF factors and for networking How to Select, train and educate people to be adaptive Implications for C2, ISR, NCW, EBO, national security, complex operations … (and manage) the many System-of-System tradeoffs The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008

Our focus Previous (and ongoing) Work Impact on Current Work Adaptive Campaigning Adaptation framework Maturity Levels SAS-065 4 classes 5 levels Several Scales Previous (and ongoing) Work CCRP literature Adaptive Networking ICT network Information network Social Force Generation Development Current Work Impact on The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008

Force Generation the process of selecting force elements from the parent force(s) and the structuring, integration and training of them up to the required level for Force Employment. The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008

Various stages of developing, maintaining and employing a Force Force-level SoS Models Experimentation Support Systems Modeling and simulation & Trials Various models of operational contexts System Models Feedback Supports Learning Operational Context Force-level SoS Task-organized systems Force Employment Force Development Context Capability of Networked SoS of component systems Rapid tech insertion Unit-level Force RT&S Context Force level Raise train & sustain Force Raise Train & Sustain New capability Force Generation context Spectrum of Component capabilities Organisationally Based Force-level SoSs Force Generation Customised Deployable force The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008

The Questions What are the desired adaptivity properties of the Force Generation process, that will result in the intended output (an effective deployable force with the desired adaptivity properties) What are the desired outcomes of Force Generation What are the key processes that influence these outcomes The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008

A few observations Capabilities of the parent force contribute to and constrain what an actual deployed force can do. The Force Generation process is the bridge between the parent force and the employed forces Networks play an important role in Force Generation Facilitate the selection of the right elements Facilitate feedback mechanisms Experimentation is crucial The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008

Intended output of the Force Generation Process An Effective, Integrated, Adaptive, Deployable, Sustainable task force, able to support organizational learning The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008

Intended output of the Force Generation Process An Effective, Integrated, Adaptive, Deployable, Sustainable task force, able to support organizational learning Effective  Enable and foster future effectiveness Define Measures of Success and Failure well enough Difficult: Multiple scales, dimensions, perspectives Need to evolve during the operation Feedback from Force Employment to Force Generation Balance Long term and short term success The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008

Intended output of the Force Generation Process An Effective, Integrated, Adaptive, Deployable, Sustainable task force, able to support organizational learning Integrated  Integrate disparate force elements Build trust Build sense of collective identify Create willingness to cooperate Make best use of various elements  sum greater than its parts Ability to plan and act in a coherent way Coherence within and one and across several rotations The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008

Intended output of the Force Generation Process An Effective, Integrated, Adaptive, Deployable, Sustainable task force, able to support organizational learning Adaptive  Recognize need for change and make effective changes in a timely way Ability to maintain effective context-appropriate behavior Requires many adaptive processes to function Requires rich information sources to feed these processes Requires ability to analyze complex dynamics Requires Learning and Learning to Learn mechanisms The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008

Intended output of the Force Generation Process An Effective, Integrated, Adaptive, Deployable, Sustainable task force, able to support organizational learning Deployable  Meets Operational levels of Capability Structures and processes in place Effective Hand Over / Take Over All systems in place The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008

Intended output of the Force Generation Process An Effective, Integrated, Adaptive, Deployable, Sustainable task force, able to support organizational learning Sustainable  Rate of consumptions consistent with capacity to support force Ability to identify changes and adapt rate of replenishment as needed In general: rates of utilization are not static The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008

Intended output of the Force Generation Process An Effective, Integrated, Adaptive, Deployable, Sustainable task force, able to support organizational learning Organizational Learning  What works and what doesn’t Robustness of systems and processes What can be improved Results from earlier attempts Requires feedback into the appropriate learning processes Many ways to record lessons learned How well is the system able to use them Biggest pitfall is widely dispersion of sub processes  basis level 2 processes must be ensured. The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008

Learning links between various stages Force Employment Deployed operations Force Raise, Train and Sustain Force Generation Organizational Learning eg processes to stimulate ad hoc reporting of observations, lessons etc Extract & generalize. What are the applicable lessons? What are domains of applicability? Caveats? Observations, Lessons Learned, Anecdotes Conjectures about what the lesson is Identify form and …… appropriate dissemination Recommended Implementation measures Further Exploration, Testing and Assessment Refined lessons with higher confidence Units Level 1 Adaptive Action individuals Level 2 Learning Organization Level 2 Level 3 Learning- to-Learn Recommended Implementation measures Observe,review each step in organizational learning, introduce changes to them, assess impact on learning effectiveness, select and implement Put in place monitoring processes to evaluate utility of lessons drawn changes in effectiveness The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008

Detailed requirement for Force Generation A number of nested simultaneous adaptive processes Learn about the history and dynamics of the C&IN of the situation Co-evolve the intervention Stratagem to influence the situation with the force mix Build the Force to be Employed Assemble the force elements Decide on and implement command and team structures Integrate and train Develop understanding of the situation Evolve operational concepts Undertake mission rehearsals Develop the networks and relationships The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008

A typical timeline for successive rotations Pre - deployment Operation Post - deployment Concentration of force Capability cross briefs Training EX and AAR Mission Rehearsal Exs Insertion Extraction Planning Conferences Discussions Higher command Backbriefs Coalition Command Post eXercises Reconnaissance missions In theatre Training Reconnaissance missions Force Generation Rotation 1 Force Generation Rotation 2 Rotation 3 Hand Over – Take Over Rotation Always several rotations to deal with simultaneously Therefore: Force Generation systems are well placed to facilitate Learning and adaptation between them Coherence is a major challenge in three dimensions: Horizontally, Vertically and Temporally. Coherence needs continous monitoring The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008

Conclusions We have identified the adaptive properties needed to support organizational learning and the force employment Discussed a methodological approach to shape and assess Force Generation grounded in adaptivity Addressed the challenges to create appropriate forces for complex endeavors Noted the vital importance of social, information and ICT networks of the parent force to facilitate selection of force elements, provide feedback and grow networks of the deployable forces Pointed out many ways in which networks can support and extend the capabilities of the force being generated Still many open questions  further research necessary The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces Bellevue, WA, 17-19 June 2008