Organic Chemistry Carbon compounds

Biochemistry A crossover field of chemistry Biochemists have to understand both the living world and the chemical world Every living thing uses the same basic chemical compounds to live their lives. We are talking smaller than cells...

Carbon based molecules are basis of life! Why Carbon? Carbon has 4 valence shell electrons 6 C Carbon 12.011 Carbon (in purple element square) is hyperlinked to an interactive period table.

Why is that important? Each of carbon's valence shell electrons can bond with another atom And carbon can even bond with itself Carbon can form rings, chains, and other shapes of atoms

Carbon literally forms the backbone of biology! NO LIFE has been observed that is not carbon based. Carbon atoms love to bond, and accordingly, very LONG and COMPLEX molecules can result from that bonding!

Warmup 9/20 What do the following prefixes mean? Macro- Micro- Poly- Mono-

Play-doh Play-doh has 2 main starches, amylose and amylopectin. Discuss the four bonds that each black carbon atom makes. Discuss how each individual section is called a monomer, but as soon as you bond to other sections, it becomes a polymer. A polymer is built from repeating units called monomers.

Macromolecules- “giant molecules” Formed by polymerization When large compounds are built by joining smaller molecules together (legos)

There are FOUR groups of Macro-molecules Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic Acids Lipids

Carbohydrates Have CHO- Main source of energy for living things carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms In a 1:2:1 ratio Main source of energy for living things Examples: Sugars- (monosaccharides –not all) Glucose (C6H12O6 ) Starches (polysaccharides) Glycogen, cellulose

Sugars: Short-chain carbs Monosaccharides- monomers: mono= “single” meros (Gk) = part Examples: glucose fructose galactose “-ose” denotes sugars

The following are considered “simple sugars”- monosaccharides:

Sucrose If you add two monosaccharides you get a Disacchiride mono (1)+ mono (1)  di (2) Glucose + fructose  sucrose

Starches: Long-chain carbs Polysaccharides- polymers: poly= “many” meros (Gk) = part Examples: Plant starches cornstarch Glycogen

Monomers attach to each other to form polymers! Starch Glucose Figure 2-13A Starch

Lipids Contain carbon and hydrogen atoms Usually fats, oils, and waxes Used to store energy or build membranes

Nucleic acids Contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus Transmit heredity (genetic information) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA Monomer: nucleotide

Proteins Contain N, O, C, H, Made of monomers (smaller molecules) called amino acids Control rate of reactions, regulate cell processes, form tissues, transport substances, fight disease.

Protein Structure Section 2-3 Amino acids Figure 2-17 A Protein

One type of protein… enzymes http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.html 

Homework Set up Enzyme Lab in your lab book. Be ready to go tomorrow!

Chemical Testing We can test for the presence of these compounds in food by using CHEMICAL REAGENTS. These chemical reagents are chemicals that react in a particular way in the presence of these nutrients. Carbs: sugars, starches Proteins Lipids

In your notes… Nutrient Observations Lipids Proteins Carbohydrates Reagent/Test Positive Negative Carbohydrates Simple Sugar (monosaccharide) Starch (polysaccharide) Lipids Proteins Samples- sugar, baked potato, chicken, crisco, vegetable oil/ olive oil?,

Testing for Starch (polysaccharide) Which sample is negative for starch? Which one is positive for starch?

Testing for Sugar (monosaccharide): Which sample is positive for starch? Which sample is positive for sugar? Which sample is positive for a monosaccharide?

Testing for Proteins: Which sample shows a presence of amino acid chains? Which sample shows a presence of a polymer?

Testing for Lipids: Brown bag test