Chapter 5 D. Carbohydrates: Fuel and building material The smallest carbohydrate, sugar(glucose) and their polymers serves as fuel for carbon sources. Monomers make monosaccharide, through condensation reactions Carbohydrates are named by the number of simple sugars they have. –CH2O Simple VS Complex carbohydrates in your diet Chapter 5

Chapter 5 E. Carbohydrates: Fuel and building material The monosaccharide glucose, is made through photosynthesis w/ CO2 and H2O The energy stored in the sugar, is used or harvested through cellular respiration. Monomers can make monosaccharide, disaccharides, and polysaccharides Chapter 5

Chapter 5-Review F. Carbohydrates: Fuel and building material An –OH attached to each carbon except one which has a double bond, is a characteristic of sugar. Sugars usually end with ose. Chapter 5-Review

Chapter 5 -Review G. Carbohydrates: Fuel and building material The size of the carbon skeleton determines the classification, for these monosaccharide Triose-3-carbons makes glyceraldehydes Pentose-5-carbons makes Ribose Hexose-6-carbons, makes glucose Name 3 sugars and explain how they combine or come apart Chapter 5 -Review

H. Carbohydrates: Fuel and building material The asymmetric carbon that makes the enantiomer glucose and galactose, only differ by the orientation of the –H and –OH on the 3rd carbon. Allosteric enzyme regulation changes in enzyme shape and its ability to connect H. Carbohydrates: Fuel and building material Chapter 5- Review

Chapter 5-Review I. Carbohydrates: Fuel and building material In liquid form, many monomers form ring structures, which are chemically more stable. Chapter 5-Review

Chapter 5-Review but J. Carbohydrates: Fuel and building material Disaccharides have 2 sugars which are connected by glycosidic linkages- (a) starch and (b) cellulose w/covalent bond made by condensation reactions between 2 sugars Chapter 5-Review but

Chapter 5-Review K. Carbohydrates fuel and building material Common disaccharides include; Maltose->glucose + glucose-used in beer Lactose->glucose + galactose- present in milk Sucrose-> glucose + fructose- table sugar Polymers of glucose form starch and cellulose Chapter 5-Review

Chapter 5-Review L. Carbohydrates fuel and building material Polysaccharides are usually polymers of a few hundred or thousand monosaccharide. Important polysaccharides include starch,glycogen,cellulose, and chitin-which makes an insects exoskeleton. Organism usually store polysaccharides for energy as starch-plants, amylose, and amylopectin-apples, glycogen- humans Starch VS Cellulose Cellulose is a major component of plant cell walls Chapter 5-Review

Chapter 5- M. Lipids: Diverse hydrophobic molecules Non-polar lipids are insoluble in water, but do dissolve in non-polar solvents such as ether, benzene, and chloroform Fats store large amount of energy-(discuss diets) Carboxyl groups OH- C=O on the ends of fatty acids make acids. Carbohydrates normally form in a 1:2:1 ratio, lipids usually consist of lower oxygen rations. Chapter 5-

Chapter 5-Review N. Lipids: Diverse hydrophobic molecules During the formation of a fat, enzyme-catalyzed condensation reactions linked glycerol to fatty acids by ester linkage The ester linkage connects to the hydroxyl group A triacylglycerol has 3 fatty acids connected to a glycerol Compare glycosidic and ester linkages. Chapter 5-Review

Chapter 5 Review O. Lipids-include fats,waxes,and steroids Fats can also be saturated, with single bonds and solid at room temp.-Mostly animal Lipids are also unsaturated with double bonds. They cannot pack closely together and cannot solidify. Mostly plant Chapter 5 Review

P. Phospholipids This cell membrane forms a hydrophobic interaction with hydrocarbon tails Chapter 5 Review

Chapter 5 Q. Steroids Cholesterol is a very important steroid. Includes the sex hormones.- testosterone estrogen. Chapter 5

Chapter 5 R. Proteins R. Proteins Proteins are made of polypeptide chains which are polymers of amino acids that are arranged in a specific linear sequence & are linked by peptide bonds They make up 50% of cells weight. Chapter 5

Chapter 5-Review S. Proteins- Have 4 levels. Primary-Unique sequence of amino acids. We can make a few in labs Secondary- Regular repeating coiling and folding of a proteins polypeptide background. Alpha-Beta. Hydrogen bonds make it possible Tertiary- The three dimensional shape of a protein. Most important for R groups connections. Its made of fully folded polypeptides. Its made with disulfide bridges S- S and ionic bonds The structures are held together with bonds and histones-(proteins) but taken apart by denaturation. Chapter 5-Review

Chapter 5 U. Proteins- 4 layers Quaternary- Structures that result from the interactions between several polypeptide chains. This includes collagen and hemoglobin Denaturation- a process that unravels a protein. Using water, chemicals, or heat Chaperone proteins-is a new protein that prevents folding. It acts like a cover. When oils are hydrogenated, the number of carbon to carbon double bonds are decreased and # of hydrogen atoms increase-how to cheat with unhealthy oils. Chapter 5

Chapter 5 V. Nucleic Acids They store and transmit heredity information. Nucleic acids contain carboxyl groups and an amino group. There are up to 20 amino acids because of the R group attached to the side. Nucleic acid is made of chains of nucleotides. It is constructed by RNA, after the instructions from DNA. Chapter 5

Chapter 5-Review W. Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are monomers made up of ribose-5-carbon pentose/Phosphate/Nitrogen base-the pyrimidines- cytosine,thymine,uracil, and the purines- adenine and guanine This molecule transfers energy from one molecule to another with ATP DNA and RNA have different sugars. Ribose and Deoxyribose-w/out oxygen A-T G-C bonding pairs Chapter 5-Review