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Volume 23, Issue 3, Pages 147-156 (September 2016) Evidence of alterations in brain structure and antioxidant status following ‘low-dose’ monosodium glutamate ingestion Olakunle James Onaolapo, Adejoke Yetunde Onaolapo, M.A. Akanmu, Olayiwola Gbola Pathophysiology Volume 23, Issue 3, Pages 147-156 (September 2016) DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2016.05.001 Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Effect of MSG on % weight increase. Each bar represents Mean±S.E.M, number of mice per treatment group=10; VEH: Vehicle; MSG: monosodium glutamate; GLUT: l-glutamate. Pathophysiology 2016 23, 147-156DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2016.05.001) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Effect of MSG on mean relative brain weight. Each bar represents Mean±S.E.M, *p<0.05 vs. VEH; number of mice per treatment group=7; VEH: Vehicle; MSG: monosodium glutamate; GLUT: l-glutamate. Pathophysiology 2016 23, 147-156DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2016.05.001) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 (a and 3b) Sections of the cerebral cortex of groups administered vehicle and l-glutamate showing granule cell (GC), pyramidal cell (PYRC) and astrocyte (As), H&E ×100, scale bar 9.23μm/pixel. (c and 3d) Sections of the cerebral cortex of groups administered MSG at 10 and 20mg/kg showing granule cell (GC), pyramidal cell (PYRC) and astrocyte (As), H&E ×100, scale bar 9.23μm/pixel. (e and 3f) Sections of the cerebral cortex of groups administered MSG at 40 and 80mg/kg, showing granule cell (GC), degenerating (pyknotic) pyramidal cell (De PYRC) and astrocyte (As). H&E ×100, scale bar 9.23μm/pixel. (g) Sections of the cerebral cortex of groups administered vehicle and MSG at 20, 40 and 80mg/kg showing reactive astrocytes (AS+), GFAP ×100, scale bar 10μm/pixel. Pathophysiology 2016 23, 147-156DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2016.05.001) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 (a and 4b) Sections of the cerebellar cortex of groups administered vehicle and l-glutamate standard. Showing granule cells in the granule cell layer (GCL), purkinje cell (PUC) in the purkinje cell layer and basket cells (BC) in the molecular cell layer (MCL). H&E ×400, scale bar 9.23μm/pixel. (c and 4d) Sections of the cerebellar cortex of groups administered MSG at 10 and 20mg/kg. Showing granule cells in the granule cell layer (GCL), normal purkinje cell (PUC) in the purkinje cell layer and basket cells (BC) in the molecular cell layer (MCL). In (4d) degenerating purkinje cell (De PUC) are also seen. H&E ×400, scale bar 9.23μm/pixel. (e and 4f) Sections of the cerebellar cortex of groups administered MSG at 40 and 80mg/kg, showing granule cells in the granule cell layer (GCL), normal purkinje cells (PUC) and degenerating purkinje cell (De PUC) in the purkinje cell layer, with basket cells (BC) in the molecular cell layer (MCL). H&E ×400, scale bar 9.23μm/pixel. Pathophysiology 2016 23, 147-156DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2016.05.001) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 (a and 5b) Sections of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus of groups administered vehicle and l-glutamate standard showing granule cell (GC) in the dentate gyrus (DG), pyramidal cells (PYRC), astrocyte (AS), cornus ammonis (CA 3/4) H&E ×100, scale bar 9.23μm/pixel. (c and 5d) Sections of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus of groups administered MSG at 10 and 20mg/kg showing granule cell (GC) in the dentate gyrus (DG), pyramidal cells (PYRC), astrocyte (AS), cornus ammonis (CA 3/4) H&E ×100, scale bar 9.23μm/pixel. (e and 5f) Sections of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus of groups administered MSG at 40 and 80mg/kg, showing granule cell (GC) in the dentate gyrus (DG), pyramidal cells (PYRC), astrocyte (AS), cornus ammonis (CA 3/4) and degenerating pyramidal cells (De PYRC) H&E ×100, scale bar 9.23μm/pixel. (g) Sections of the molecular layer of the cornus ammonis of groups administered vehicle or MSG at 20, 40 and 80mg/kg showing reactive astrocytes (AS+), dentate gyrus (DG), GFAP ×100, scale bar 10μm/pixel. Pathophysiology 2016 23, 147-156DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2016.05.001) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions