Process Theories

Vroom’s Valence Expectancy Theory People will work hard if they expect their effort to lead to reward. Importance of outcome determines its strength as a motivator . Motivation= Expectancy X Instrumentality X Valence

Source: https://www. businesstopia

Effort Expectancy Instrumentality Valence of reward Performance Reward MOTIVATION Role perceptions and opportunities Abilities and traits JOB PERFORMANCE X 5

Goal-Setting Theory (Edwin Locke) Our primary motivation on the job is defined in terms of our desire to achieve a particular goal: Research shows that having goals leads to better performance than not having goals. Specific goals are more motivating than general. Moderately difficult goals are most motivating. Source: http://www.theleadingedgegolfcompany.com/blog/2014/1/4/goal-setting-guide

Effects of Goal Setting 100 Goal level 94 90 Performance at the goal level was sustained seven years after the goal was first set 80 70 Percentage of Maximum Weight Carried on Each Trip There was a dramatic improvement in per- formance after a goal was set 60 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Seven Years Later Before goal After Goal Four-Week Periods 7

Other Theories

Theories based on Reward and Punishment

Carrot and Stick Approach

Reinforcement Theory Individual’s behaviour is a function of its consequences. Behaviour that has positive outcomes, tend to be repeated. Whereas, behaviour that has negative outcomes, tend not to be repeated. So behaviour can be modified by providing or controlling consequences.

Theory based on Personality Traits

Theory X and Theory Y (Douglas McGregor) Theory X assumptions: Inherent dislike for work Prefer to be directed by others Avoid responsibility Lack creativity and resist change Focus on lower level needs (Physiological and Safety needs) to motivate workers Close supervision required to achieve organizational goals. Theory Y assumptions: Work is natural like rest and play Capable of directing their own behaviour Accept and seek responsibility Creative Both lower level and higher level needs are source of motivation Self direction and self control

Theory X Vs Theory Y Source: http://research-methodology.net/theory-x-and-theory-y/

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