Organic Chemistry Core 3.2, 3.3, 3.6.4 & Option C1

3.2.1 Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds. Organic Chemistry Organic – Carbon is versatile because it can form many bonds allowing for vast array of organic molecules Functional groups –

Monomers are broken apart by 3.2.5 Outline the role of condensation and hydrolysis in the relationships between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; between fatty acids, glycerol and triglycerides; and between amino acids and polypeptides. Organic molecules are synthesized by linking small organic molecule subunits ( ) together to form a long chain called a Monomers are Monomers are broken apart by

Carbohydrates Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CH2O)n Important source of energy Important structural support for single cells, plants, fungi, bacteria, and insects

Monosaccharides (simple sugars) 3.2.3 List three examples of each of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. 3.2.4 State one function of glucose, lactose and glycogen in animals, and of fructose, sucrose and cellulose in plants. Monosaccharides (simple sugars) Composed of 3 to 7 carbon atoms – “circle up” into a ring when dissolved in water Glucose Important in animals because it is used in respiration to make ATP! Body’s main source of energy Other monosaccharides include

3.2.2 Identify amino acids, glucose, ribose and fatty acids from diagrams showing their structure Draw:

Write 

3.2.3 List three examples of each of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. 3.2.4 State one function of glucose, lactose and glycogen in animals, and of fructose, sucrose and cellulose in plants. Disaccharides – two single sugars linked together by a condensation reaction Examples: Maltose Sucrose Lactose

Polysaccharides – long chains of single sugars 3.2.3 List three examples of each of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. 3.2.4 State one function of glucose, lactose and glycogen in animals, and of fructose, sucrose and cellulose in plants. Polysaccharides – long chains of single sugars Starch – Glycogen – Cellulose – a. Highly insoluble b. Bonds btw glucose units are β linkages instead of α linkages c. Animals cannot digest cellulose

3.2.6 State three functions of lipids Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and may contain phosphorus and nitrogen – highly insoluble (hydrophobic) Functions:

Oils, fats and waxes Contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Contain 3.2.2 Identify amino acids, glucose, ribose and fatty acids from diagrams showing their structure Three types of lipids Oils, fats and waxes Contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Contain

Phospholipids Similar to oil except

Steroids Structurally different from other lipids Composed of

Both carbohydrates and lipids store energy 3.2.7 Compare the use of carbohydrates and lipids in energy storage. Both carbohydrates and lipids store energy The amount of energy stored and speed at which they are broken down differ Lipids store Lipids are

Proteins Molecules composed of one or more chains of amino acids C.1.4 State four functions of proteins, giving a named example of each. Proteins Molecules composed of one or more chains of amino acids Functions of proteins: (skin, hair, nails, horns) (muscles) (antibodies) (albumin in egg whites) (hemoglobin to carry O2) (neurotransmitters, protein hormones)

3.2.2 Identify amino acids, glucose, ribose and fatty acids from diagrams showing their structure Building blocks of 20 different kinds – all have the same fundamental structure, Draw:

R group gives each amino acid it’s distinctive properties (size, water solubility, electrical charge) Cysteine has sulfur in it’s R group causing it to form bonds with other cysteines forming

Amino acids are linked together 3.2.5 Outline the role of condensation and hydrolysis in the relationships between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; between fatty acids, glycerol and triglycerides; and between amino acids and polypeptides. Amino acids are linked together Polypeptides vary in length between 3 amino acids to thousands of amino acids!

Proteins have four levels of structure: C.1.1 Explain the four levels of protein structure, indicating the significance of each level. Proteins have four levels of structure: Primary structure – (different proteins have different sequences)

Secondary structure – (α helix or β pleated sheet are common structures)

Tertiary structure – Caused by: Disulfide bridges between cysteines Cellular environment – whether protein is dissolved in water of cytoplasm or in lipids of membrane (hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions of amino acids) Polar amino acids will orient themselves to watery environments Non-polar amino acids will orient themselves away from water

Quaternary structure – (ex. Hemoglobin)

The shape of a protein allows it to perform it’s function 3.6.4 Define denaturation. The shape of a protein allows it to perform it’s function Exact type, position and number of amino acids with specific R groups determines both the structure (shape) of the protein and it’s biological function If the shape is changed, the protein will NO LONGER function the same way

Denatured proteins – 3.6.4 Define denaturation. 1. Causes: Extremes in temperature (over 60oC) Extremes in pH Excessive radiation Electricity Certain chemicals

Conjugated proteins Proteins that have a – ex. Hemoglobin contains iron which alters the properties of the protein (increases affinity for O2)

Fibrous vs Globular Proteins C.1.2 Outline the difference between fibrous and globular proteins, with reference to two examples of each protein type. Fibrous vs Globular Proteins Fibrous proteins – Ex. Collagen (skin, bone and tendons) and keratin (hair, horns, nails) Globular proteins – Ex. enzymes, hormones, insulin

3.3.1 Outline DNA nucleotide structure in terms of sugar (deoxyribose), base and phosphate. Nucleic Acids Long chains of similar but not identical subunits called nucleic acids Make up the hereditary information (genes) Nucleotides have a three-part structure:

There are two types of nucleotides: 3.3.2 State the names of the four bases in DNA. There are two types of nucleotides: Ribose nucleotides (contain the sugar ribose) bond to four types of nitrogen bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and Deoxyribose nucleotides (contain the sugar deoxyribose) bond to adenine, guanine, cytosine, and

Nitrogen bases are divided into two groups Purines – structure (adenine and guanine) Pyrimidines – structure (thymine, cytosine, and uracil)

Nucleotides are strung together in long chains to form nucleic acids 3.3.3 Outline how DNA nucleotides are linked together by covalent bonds into a single strand. Nucleotides are strung together in long chains to form nucleic acids This creates the “sugar-phosphate backbone”

Two types of Nucleic Acids: 3.3.4 Explain how a DNA double helix is formed using complementary base pairing and hydrogen bonding Two types of Nucleic Acids: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Double helix Deoxyribose sugar Contains A, C, T, and G (A-T, C-G) Makes up chromosomes of all living things Sequence of nucleotides spells out information to construct proteins Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Single helix Ribose sugar Contains A, C, U, and G (A-U, C-G)\ RNAs are copies of DNA – carries message to cell to direct synthesis of proteins

3.3.4 Explain how a DNA double helix is formed using complementary base pairing and hydrogen bonding 3.3.5 Draw and label a simple diagram of the molecular structure of DNA. hydrogen bond covalent bond Phosphate Sugar

Nucleotides have many functions – not all are part of nucleic acids May exist singly or occur as parts of other molecules Some act as intracellular messengers to carry information from cell membrane to other molecules in cell – ex. cyclic AMP Some nucleotides have extra phosphates groups – ex. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) Unstable molecules that carry energy from place to place – pick up energy where it is produced (cellular respiration) and give up energy to drive energy demanding reactions elsewhere Certain nucleotides assist enzyme in their role of promoting chemical rxns – coenzymes – usually consist of a nucleotide combined with a vitamin