Evaluation of wind farm layouts Welcome to the presentation of the paper Evaluation of wind farm layouts Sponsored by Swedish National Energy Agency and ABB Power Technologies Stefan Lundberg

Horns Ref Rated power 160 MW Average wind speed 9.7 m/s Production 600 GWh/year Project cost 270 million EUR Transmission distance 21 + 34 km Transmission voltage 150 kV AC Local voltage 36 kV AC Karlsgårde Horns Ref

Determination of energy production cost

Large AC

Small AC

AC/DC

Large DC

Small DC

Series DC

Power production (steady-state) Aerodynamic capture - Aerodynamic losses Gear box Generator (AG and PM) Transformer Wind turbine converter Cables (AC and DC) Cable compensating inductor HVDC converter DC/DC converter

Wind turbine cost

Cable cost

Energy production cost

Energy production cost 160MW, 10m/s

Conclusions For the “classical” wind parks it was found that the Small AC is best for short distances, the large DC wind park is best for long distances and the large AC wind park is best in between. The series connected DC wind park seemed to be very promising if the transmission distance is longer then 20km.

Power performance model / Energy production Type of wind turbine 5 m/s 6 m/s 8 m/s 10 m/s AG Fix speed 271 kW 434 kW 769 kW 1037 kW AG, Rotor converter 275 kW 437 kW 771 kW 1038 kW

Investment costs Wind turbine Foundation = 0.8 MEUR Cables (AC and DC) Cable installation = 85 EUR/m or 256 EUR/m Protections Offshore platform Transformer Cable compensating inductor HVDC converter station = 0.1 EUR/W DC/DC converter = 0.1 EUR/W

Energy production cost Energy production cost [EUR/kWh] Total investment [EUR] Mean output power [kW] Operational hour under one year [h] = 8760 h Interest rate = 0.07 Life time of the wind park [years] = 25 Profit in % = 10 Constant

System configurations Power levels 60 MW 100 MW 160 MW 300 MW Average wind speed 5 m/s 6 m/s 8 m/s 10m/s Type of wind parks Small AC Large AC AC/DC Small DC Large DC Series DC Transmission distance: 1-200 km