Warm Up Draw and label the parts of an atom. Using the terms: proton, neutron, electron, nucleus, electron cloud.

Biochemistry Chapters 2 & 3

Matter Occupies space & has mass Mass: any quantity of matter an object has All matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms Atoms: simplest particle of an element that retains that element’s properties. Nucleus: positive core (protons & neutrons) Electron Cloud: negative region (electrons) - - + - + + + + - -

Elements Element: substance made up of atoms that have the same number of protons Ex: each atom of the Carbon element have 6 protons. »The number of electrons (ions) and neutrons (isotopes) can vary.

Electrons Negatively charged Located in orbitals (in electron cloud) around nucleus Orbital 1 holds 2 electrons Orbital 2 (and ↑) hold 8 electrons Valance Electrons: electrons in outermost orbital Atoms want to be stable…stable means 8 (except for H and He…stable means 2).

Chemical Bonding Atoms bond with other atoms to fill the outermost orbital When atoms combine, a chemical bond holds them together Chemical bond: attractive forces that hold atoms together Covalent (non-metal/non-metal only) or Ionic (all other types of bonds)

Chemical Bonding Ionic Bond: one atom donates electron(s) to another atom Ex: NaCl (Cl gains 1 electron from Na) Covalent Bond: 2 or more atoms share electrons Ex: H2O (H needs 1 electron and O needs 2 electrons)

Compounds Made up of atoms of 2 or more elements bonded to one another Most atoms are not stable alone…so React with one another to become stable 6 most common elements found in living things: N-CHOPS (Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur) all non-metals…covalent bonding…share e-

Covalent Bond Modeling 1. Write symbol for each element. 2. Cover symbol with correct color atom. C - Black, H - Yellow, O - Red, Cl - Blue 3. Use FrootLoop to represent valance e-. Be sure to pencil in e- before removing FrootLoop 4. Rearrange e- to pair up e- from each atom. 5. Draw circles to show sharing of e-. 6. Draw bond structure using symbols and lines. 7. Use atom and wooden pegs to represent drawing from step #6.

Warm Up How many valance electrons does Carbon have? How many bonds can Carbon form?

Carbon Bonding 2 categories of compounds: Carbon Atoms: Organic: primarily made of Carbon atoms Inorganic: do not contain Carbon atoms Carbon Atoms: 4 e- in outer orbital (needs 4 e-) Readily forms 4 covalent bonds with other atoms Unique: Carbon atoms bond with other Carbon atoms Forming straight chains, branched chains, and rings

Carbon Bonding

Large Carbon Molecules Monomer: small, simple Carbon molecule Building blocks 6 carbon rings Polymer: repeated, linked monomers Macromolecule: large polymer Ex: carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, proteins.

Dehydration & Hydrolysis Dehydration: water molecule is released when a monomer bonds to another monomer (or polymer) When building bonds Also called condensation reactions Hydrolysis: water molecules are used to break down a polymer When breaking bonds Energy is released when breaking bonds

Dehydration Each Carbon in monomers have 4 bonds already (stable) What must be done to bond to another carbon monomer? (To create an organic molecule) Break bonds to make bonds Lose a water molecule

Dehydration Models Collect Materials Complete condensation/dehydration reactions Cut and tape carbon molecule (monomers) together Cut water drop and glue/tape O,H,H into it Answer questions. Save macromolecule in notes.

Warm Up How are dehydration and hydrolysis reactions related to organic molecules?

Macromolecules Formed via dehydration reactions Monomers bond together form polymers Monomers bonded to polymers to form macromolecules 4 types: Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates Composed of: C, H, O Function: Source of energy & structural material for organisms Structure: basic ring structure Can exist as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides Monomer of a carbohydrate is a monosaccharide.

Proteins Composed of: C, H, O, N Function: enzymes, build muscle, hair, horns, and skin Structure: Central carbon Carboxyl group Amine group Hydrogen R group Monomer of a protein is an amino acid 20 different Amino Acids

Proteins R group Also called the functional group Influences the characteristics and chemical reaction of molecules that they compose Create the variety among amino acids Ex: -OH (hydroxyl) group makes the molecule polar

Lipids Composed of: C, H, O Function: storage of energy, protection (waxy coating), steroids Structure: Carboxyl (COOH) (polar head) Long carbon chain (nonpolar tail) Monomer of a lipid is a fatty acid C-C and C-H bonds are high energy Lipids store more energy than other organic molecules

Nucleic Acids Composed of: C, N, P, O Function: store & transfer information, direct cell activities, manufacture proteins Structure: Phosphate Group Carbon (Sugar) Nitrogenous base Monomer of a nucleic acid is a nucleotide

Warm Up

Macromolecule Project Collect materials Use colored pencils, markers, or crayons Include: Composition, Structure (include labels), Function, and example(s). and any fun fact you find Be consistent with colors Ex: make all Hydrogen Red, and all Carbons Black, etc. Be neat and creative! If you don’t finish in class, it’s homework! Due tomorrow!

Warm Up

McMush Lab

Warm Up

Enzymes Most made of protein Acts as biological catalyst: Accelerates chemical reaction Active site-specific for substrate Reactions break substrate down Very common in human body Hemoglobin binds with oxygen Enzymes in stomach aid breakdown of food for digestion

Enzymes Lock & Key

Mello Jell-O Lab