History of Immigration

Essential Question: What was it like to be an immigrant in the 19th & 20th century America? Copy Copy All White Text on Page

The New Colossus By Emma Lazarus Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame. "Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"

Copy Early America 1790 Naturalization Act—free white immigrants could be citizens after 2 years. 1798: Alien & Sedition Acts Citizenship after 14 years Deportation of undesirable aliens

1st Wave: 1790-1820 English German Scottish Scots-Irish Copy Reasons Religious Persecution Economic Hardship To own Land

2nd Wave: 1820-1860 Copy Scandinavia: Farmland Irish: Potato Famine 2 million died 1 million immigrated to U.S. on Coffin Ships Discrimination because Catholic

Nativism Anti-Immigrant Anti-Catholic & Jew

No Nothing Party Also called American Party 1850-1860 Copy No Nothing Party Also called American Party 1850-1860 NYC—Order of Star Spangled Banner Called for excluding non-Protestant immigrants

Chart: Rise of Immigrants 3rd Wave: 1880-1914 OLD VS NEW IMMIGRATION 1,593,000 181,1880 2,753,00 926,000 1,110,000 1,847,000 1,069,000 5,780,000 540,000 2,928,000 Chart: Rise of Immigrants

Immigrants from Europe Old New New New

OLD VS NEW Protestant Catholic and Jewish Copy OLD VS NEW RELIGION BIRTHPLACE REASONS DESTINATION OCCUPATION Protestant Catholic and Jewish North/Western Southern/Eastern Europe Europe Both escaping poverty, religious and political persecution Moved to farms Moved to cities in the in the Midwest North esp. east coast Became farmers Unskilled workers Old vs New Immigrants

Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882

Ellis Island was built in 1892 as the 1st “Immigration Center” Angel Island built 1910 in San Francisco for Asian immigration Copy

New Immigrants Settle in Cities URBAN OPPORTUNITIES New Immigrants Settle in Cities Industrialization leads to urbanization, or growth of cities Most immigrants settle in cities; get cheap housing, factory jobs Americanization—assimilate people into main culture Schools, voluntary groups teach citizenship skills English, American history, cooking, etiquette Ethnic communities provide social support

St. Patrick’s Cathedral Irish NY: St. Patrick’s Cathedral

Mulberry Street – “Little Italy”

Hester Street – Jewish Section

Pell St. - Chinatown, NYC

National Origins Act Copy 1924 Quota System Based on 2% of Nationalities in U.S. in 1890 Reduced % from Eastern & Southern Europe Excluded Asian Immigration

Copy Displaced Persons Act 1948 Allowed 200,000 persons persecuted by Nazis to come to America National Origins Act made it almost impossible for Jews fleeing Hitler to come to U.S. from 1936-45.

Refugee Relief Acts 1953—escaping Communism in Eastern Europe Copy 1953—escaping Communism in Eastern Europe 1962—Cuban Refugee Crisis 1975—refugees from Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia 1980—process for admitting refugees who fled persecution of race, religion, political group, nationality.

Immigration & Nationality Act Copy Immigration & Nationality Act 1965 Abolished Quota System Capped # of immigrants admitted each year Admitted all immediate relatives 1968—cap on immigrants from Western Hemisphere

4th Wave: 1965-2000 10% European 5% Africa Student Visas & Green Cards Copy 4th Wave: 1965-2000 Student Visas & Green Cards 50% Latin America Mexico & Central America 33% Asian Americans India, Southeast Asia, Middle East 10% European 5% Africa

Impact of 9/11 Patriot Act, 2001 Border Security & Visa Reform Copy Impact of 9/11 Patriot Act, 2001 Border Security & Visa Reform Homeland Security, 2002 No fly list. ICE—U.S. Immigration & Customs Enforcement Trump’s Muslim Ban