Biogeochemical cycling
Generalized Nutrient cycling consumers consumers consumers producers decomposers decomposers nutrients ENTER FOOD CHAIN = made available to producers nutrients made available to producers return to abiotic reservoir Decomposition connects all trophic levels abiotic reservoir abiotic reservoir geologic processes geologic processes
Carbon cycle abiotic reservoir: CO2 in atmosphere enter food chain: photosynthesis = carbon fixation in Calvin cycle recycle: return to abiotic: respiration combustion Carbon cycle CO2 in atmosphere Diffusion Respiration Photosynthesis Plants and algae Plants Animals Industry and home Combustion of fuels Carbonates in sediment Bicarbonates Deposition of dead material Deposition of dead material Fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal) Dissolved CO2
Water cycle Solar energy Transpiration Evaporation Precipitation abiotic reservoir: surface & atmospheric water enter food chain: precipitation & plant uptake recycle: transpiration return to abiotic: evaporation & runoff Water cycle Solar energy Transpiration Water vapor Evaporation Precipitation Oceans Runoff Lakes Percolation in soil Aquifer Groundwater
Phosphorus cycle abiotic reservoir: rocks, minerals, soil enter food chain: erosion releases soluble phosphate uptake by plants recycle: decomposing bacteria & fungi return to abiotic: loss to ocean sediment Phosphorus cycle Land animals Plants Animal tissue and feces Urine Soluble soil phosphate Decomposers (bacteria and fungi) Loss in drainage Rocks and minerals Phosphates in solution Decomposers (bacteria & fungi) Animal tissue and feces Aquatic animals Plants and algae Precipitates Loss to deep sediment
Nitrogen cycle Atmospheric nitrogen Carnivores Herbivores Birds Plants abiotic reservoir: N in atmosphere enter food chain: nitrogen fixation by soil & aquatic bacteria recycle: decomposing & nitrifying bacteria return to abiotic: denitrifying bacteria Atmospheric nitrogen Carnivores Herbivores Birds Plankton with nitrogen-fixing bacteria Plants Death, excretion, feces Fish Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (plant roots) Decomposing bacteria amino acids excretion Ammonifying bacteria Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (soil) loss to deep sediments Nitrifying bacteria Denitrifying bacteria soil nitrates
Anthropogenic Man made fertilizers Equal to the global natural nitrogen fixation
What happens when there is an overabundance of chemicals in the soil?
Eutrophication
What is the ozone layer? Stratosphere contains a layer of ozone (O3). Role is to absorb damaging UV radiation.
Cholorflourocarbon: CFC’s Man-made chemical used in Refrigerants Car Coolants Aerosol cans
Reaction of O3 with CFC’s
Consequences of Ozone depletion Thinning of this layer increases UV radiation to at the Earth’s surface. Increase of skin cancer Eye damage Plant tissue damage http://galimatikciencia.wordpress.com/2012/03/13/muere-el-hombre-que-descubrio-el-agujero-de-la-capa-de-ozono/
Global Warming Greenhouse gases- a natural layer of gases that are transparent to sunlight but trap heat radiating from the Earth’s surface. Gases: Methane, CO2, water vapor, N2O and O3 when it is in the troposhere.
Evidence of global warming
Increase of Pathogens Colorado pine bark beetles and fungus they carry damage pine trees Mosquitoes carry deneque fever and malaria
Increase in Sulphur and Nitrogen Burning of fossil fuels Leads to acidification Graph shows number of lakes at that pH and number of fish species.
Inefficiency of energy transfer sun Inefficiency of energy transfer Loss of energy between levels of food chain To where is the energy lost? The cost of living! 17% growth energy lost to daily living only this energy moves on to the next level in the food chain 33% cellular respiration 50% waste (feces)