Grammar

8 Parts of Speech Noun Pronoun Verb Adjective Adverb Preposition Conjunction Interjection

Noun A person, place, thing, or idea Abstract (love, freedom, philosophy) Concrete (tree, computer, teddy bear) Proper (Declan, Katon, Ashley, Scarlet) Common (declaration, animals, friends) Regular (cat, dog, friend, bus) Irregular (enemy, mouse, sheep) Countable (cookies, shoes, pens) Uncountable (flour, sand, sugar)

Noun-markers/determiners (pronouns and articles) John’s house, his house That house Which house The house Finding nouns? Look for determiners, make plural or possessive, substitute a pronoun

Find the noun The governess insisted that the children should not be allowed to indulge their whims. She instructed the butler, Percy Shaw, to ignore their complaints; as she put it, “These spoiled darlings need to learn the meaning of discipline.”

Pronoun Personal (first, second, third person) Impersonal Nominative, objective, reflexive, and possessive Impersonal Indefinite, reciprocal, interrogative, demonstrative, and relative

Personal Pronouns Nominative/subjective pronouns: pronoun used as the subject or subjective complement Subject: She is here. He jogs every day Subjective Complement: Who is she?

Personal Pronouns Objective Pronoun: pronoun used as a direct object, indirect object, or object of the preposition Direct object: Lyle understands him. Indirect Object: Lyle bought him a Christmas present. Object of the Preposition: Lyle will do anything for him.

Personal Pronouns Reflexive pronouns: refer back to antecedent (noun or pronoun used earlier in the sentence) Lyle found himself stuffed in a suitcase. Lyle bought himself a Christmas present Intensive pronouns: refer back to the antecedent and bring attention to subject. Lyle himself beat the cat

Personal Pronouns Possessive pronouns: show possession of a noun Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs Determiners act as adjectives and provide more information about the following noun My, your, his, her, its, our, your, theirs PERSONAL PRONOUNS NEVER USE AN APOSTOPHE TO SIGNAL POSSESSION.

Verbs Verb: shows either action or state of being (existence). Active: subject performs the action EX: Scarlet fed the dog. Passive: always consist of 2 or more words for of “to be” followed by past participle EX: The dog was fed by Scarlet.

Categories of verbs Action Verbs State of Being Verbs Transitive Verbs Intransitive Verbs Be Verbs Linking Verbs Transitive: verbs followed by an object which receives the action Ex. Aspen lead the cheer. Ex. The cat ate the poison. Intransitive: not followed by an object. Sometimes can be followed by a prepositional phrase Ex. Aspen lead. Ex. The cat ate. Ex. The dog ran through the bushes.

Categories of verbs State of being: Be verbs: the most irregular verb Present Tense: I am, we are, you are, you (pl) are, he she it is, they are Past Tense: I was, we were, you were, you(pl) were, he she it was, they were Perfect: have/had been Progressive: am/was being

Categories of verbs Linking Verbs: can be replaced by a form of be without changing the meaning of the sentence Seemed - They seemed happy. Tasted – The cookies tasted good. Smelled – The cookies smelled good. Looked – The cookies looked good. Sounded – The cookies sounded good when the broke. Felt – The cookies felt good on such a cold day. Become – The cookies became stale. Appear – The cookies appeared frequently in grammar. Remain – Cookies remain a source of comfort. Turn – Leaves turn red, orange, and yellow in the fall. Grow – Ms. Cooney grew tired of cookies.

State of being verbs Be and linking verbs, by themselves cannot complete a sentence. Be and linking verbs (when used as the main verb) join the subject to an adjective, a noun, or a pronoun that modifies or renames the subject. Jacob is happy (adjective “happy” modifies Jacob) Lyle is a monkey (noun “monkey” renames Lyle) Alex is here (adverb “here” specifies where Alex is)

10 sentence forms Subject – be verb – adverb of time or place Ex. The dentist is here. Subject – be verb – predicate adjective (talks about the subject Ex. The dentist will be generous. Subject – be verb – predicate noun Ex. The fish is a friend. Subject – linking very – predicate adjective Ex. The fish seems unhappy. Subject – linking very – predicate noun Ex. The dentist became a tyrant.

10 Sentence Forms Subject – intransitive verb Ex. The fish coughed. Subject – transitive verb – direct object Ex. The dentist proclaimed the news Subject – transitive verb – indirect object – direct object Ex. The dentist gave Nemo his address. Subject – transitive verb – direct object – adjective Ex. The dentist considered Nemo gimpy. Subject – transitive verb – direct object – noun Ex. The cat considered Nemo a toy