Indus Valley and india

River Valley Civ Chart

Indus Valley

Indus Valley Along the Indus River and Ganges River Major cities – Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa Built on a Grid System Citadel Writing System-????? Cannot decipher their text Government: Dynasties Early Religion: Polytheism Science/Technology/Inventions: Early Sewage system/indoor plumbing

Aerial View of Mohenjo- Daro

Wide View, Mohenjo-Daro

The Great Bath, Mohenjo-Daro

Bath Area, Mohenjo- Daro

Well, Mohenjo-Daro

A Main Street, Mohenjo- Daro

Granery, Mohenjo-Daro

Public Well, Harappa

Drain, Harappa

Indus Valley ?

Undecipherable to date. Harappan Writing Undecipherable to date.

Indus Valley Civilization Aryans: Indo-Europeans that invaded Indus Valley Introduced their culture (cultural diffusion) Led to the caste system (Varnas) Brahmans (teachers/priests) Kshatriyas (warriors/kings) Vaishyas (traders/merchants and farmers) Shudras (artisans/service providers) Also have the untouchables, below/out of caste Religions – Hinduism, Buddhism

Trade Spreads Indian Religions & Culture Indian religions, culture,& science evolved and spread to other regions through trade (Cultural Diffusion)

India Graphic Organizer

Hinduism Developed over time-mix of Aryan and Indus Valley cultural and religious traditions Polytheistic 3 Main gods: Brahma Shiva Vishnu Belief in Karma, Reincarnation and Moksha Karma-good or bad deeds that effect later events Reincarnation-rebirth in another life based on karma

HINDUISM Every spring the Ganges River swells with water as snow melts in the Himalayas. The water brings life as trees and flowers bloom and crops grow. This cycle of rebirth is a metaphor for Hinduism, the religious faith of most people in India.

HINDUISM Hinduism is a polytheistic faith, with many gods and goddesses. Hindus believe that every living thing has a soul, which comes from the creator, Brahma. They believe that people’s souls live on after death, and that all living things can be reborn. This is called reincarnation.

HINDUISM Traditionally, a person who followed the rules of their caste would be reborn to a higher form in the next life. A Hindu who neglected their duties would be reborn in a lower form, perhaps as an animal or insect. The goal of Hinduism is to escape the cycle of rebirth by reaching Nirvana. Nirvana is a Sanskrit word that means ending. Hindus and Buddhists believe Nirvana is a state of happiness without change or pain.

HINDUISM Hindus believe that all living things have souls, so almost all Hindus are vegetarians. A vegetarian does not eat meat. Some Hindus are vegan, which means they will not eat any animal products, including eggs and cheese.

HINDUISM Other Hindus will eat poultry and fish, but will not eat beef. Cows are particularly sacred to Hindus. It is not unusual to see a cow wandering through the streets of an Indian city.

HINDUISM Many Hindus consider the Ganges River holy. Lately, the Ganges has become very polluted, but Hindus believe the water from the Himalayas will purify the souls of those who drink or bathe in its waters. Many Hindus make a pilgrimage to the Ganges. Others travel to the river near the end of their lives so they may die near the banks of the Ganges River.

HINDUISM

Buddhism Influenced by Hinduism Founder: Siddhartha Guatama 4 Noble Truths and 8-fold path Trying to reach enlightenment

Siddhartha Gautama (563-483BCE) Born in NE India (Nepal). Raised in great luxury to be a king. At 29 he rejected his luxurious life to seek enlightenment and the source of suffering. Rejecting this extreme, sat in meditation, and found nirvana. Became “The Enlightened One,” at 35.

What is the fundamental cause of all suffering? Desire! Therefore, extinguish the self, don’t obsess about oneself.

Four Noble Truths There is suffering in the world. To live is to suffer. (Dukkha) The Buddha found this out when he was young and experienced suffering and death in others.

Four Noble Truths The cause of suffering is self-centered desire and attachments. (Tanha)

Four Noble Truths The solution is to eliminate desire and attachments. (Nirvana = “extinction”)

Four Noble Truths To reach nirvana, one must follow the Eightfold Path.

Nirvana Eightfold Path The union with the ultimate spiritual reality. Escape from the cycle of rebirth.

Buddha – 19c Thailand

Empires of India (321BC-550AD) The Mauryas & the Guptas established empires, but neither unified India permanently The diversity of peoples, culture, beliefs, & language continues to pose challenges to Indian unity today

Empires of India Mauryan Empire: Shortly after Alexander the Great leaves, Chandragupta Maurya seizes power and defeats Alexander’s general to regain control of north India to form the Mauryan Empire 600,000 foot soldiers 30,000 horsemen 9,000 elephants Needed high taxes from industry & trade to fund military; farmers gave half of their crops Great administrators

Empires of India Ashoka Empire Chandragupta Maurya’s grandson Asoka expands empire with costly campaigns (100,000 soldiers killed) Asoka has sorrow and rules by Buddha’s nonviolence teachings, even issues edict of religious tolerance Constructed roads for pilgrims and trade These roads led to the spread of Buddhism through trade with SE Asia.

Empires of India Gupta Empire 500 year period of turmoil followed Asoka’s death Gupta came to power in northern India to form the Gupta Empire Ganges River served as power base Gupta Empire expands via military conquest Golden Age of India Advances in Literature, Science, Math, Art, Medicine Gupta life: spread of Hindu culture mostly patriarchal extended families use of irrigation with a tax on water

INDIAN CULTURE: Golden Age of Gupta Religion Mahayana & Theravada Buddhism Hinduism becomes more personal Spreads through trade contacts Literature/ Arts Buddhist sculptures men & women perform drama & dance Kalidasa wrote many plays Science/ Math decimal system, use of zero, value of pi used lunar eclipse to show earth as round solar calendar medical guides, plastic surgery, possible inoculations Trade profit from Silk Road trade of valued items trade with Rome, Africa, Arabia, China rise of banking

Unit 1 Scrapbook Add India to your Keynote Scrapbook Include: Pictures and Captions Include: Indus Valley Civilization Aryans Hindiusm/Buddhism Gupta Empire-Golden Age Mauryan Empire Empire of Ashoka