Intranasal application of xenon: describing the pharmacokinetics in experimental animals and the increased pain tolerance within a placebo-controlled.

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Intranasal application of xenon: describing the pharmacokinetics in experimental animals and the increased pain tolerance within a placebo-controlled experimental human study G. Froeba, M. Georgieff, E.M. Linder, K.J. Föhr, H.U. Weigt, T.F. Holsträter, M.A. Kölle, O. Adolph British Journal of Anaesthesia Volume 104, Issue 3, Pages 351-358 (March 2010) DOI: 10.1093/bja/aep395 Copyright © 2010 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 Study design. Pain tolerance values (cold, pressure, ischaemic) were obtained three times (reference at 0 min, exposure after 30 min of xenon or placebo administration, post-exposure 60 min after termination of intranasal gas exposure) within each session. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2010 104, 351-358DOI: (10.1093/bja/aep395) Copyright © 2010 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 Mean (sd) concentrations of xenon measured in cranial blood. Concentrations of xenon measured in the venous blood of the sagittal sinus of seven pigs reflect xenon concentrations in the cerebral compartment. A steady state was reached within ∼5 min providing evidence for a direct pathway from the nose to the brain. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2010 104, 351-358DOI: (10.1093/bja/aep395) Copyright © 2010 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

Fig 3 Intranasal application of xenon increases pain tolerance. (a) Pressure pain: 30 min of intranasal xenon application significantly increased pressure pain tolerance to 140.4 (17.3)%, whereas placebo (air) failed to alter pressure pain tolerance significantly. Sixty minutes after termination of the xenon application, the effect was not significantly different to control. Values of each session (xenon, air) are normalized to a reference value taken at the beginning of the experiment and presented as mean (sd). *P<0.05. (b) Cold pain: intranasally applied xenon increases the ability of the volunteers to tolerate ice-water immersion to 157.6 (47.8)%. Sixty minutes after termination of the xenon application, the analgesic effect was no longer detectable. *P<0.05. (c) Ischaemic pain: 30 min of intranasal xenon application significantly increased pressure pain tolerance to 228.1 (94.7)%. Sixty minutes after termination of the xenon application, the effect was not significantly different to control. *P<0.05. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2010 104, 351-358DOI: (10.1093/bja/aep395) Copyright © 2010 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions