Mitochondrial function is altered in articular chondrocytes of an endemic osteoarthritis, Kashin–Beck disease J.T. Liu, X. Guo, W.J. Ma, Y.G. Zhang,

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Mitochondrial function is altered in articular chondrocytes of an endemic osteoarthritis, Kashin–Beck disease J.T. Liu, X. Guo, W.J. Ma, Y.G. Zhang, P. Xu, J.F. Yao, Y.D. Bai Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Volume 18, Issue 9, Pages 1218-1226 (September 2010) DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.07.003 Copyright © 2010 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Correlation between complex V (ATP synthase) activity and cellular ATP content in normal and KBD chondrocytes. Correlation of ATP content with activity of complex V exhibits positive slopes, but no significant correlation was found. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2010 18, 1218-1226DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2010.07.003) Copyright © 2010 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Mitochondrial fluorescence of KBD chondrocytes stained with JC-1 and analyzed by flow cytometry. (A) Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential in human chondrocytes. The study showed that chondrocytes could be classified into the following 4 subpopulations: group A, chondrocytes with high red and low green fluorescence (cells with normal mitochondrial polarization); group B, chondrocytes with low red and low green fluorescence (debris and dead cells); group C, chondrocytes with high red and high green fluorescence (cells with mitochondrial depolarization); and group D, chondrocytes with low red and high green fluorescence (cells with mitochondrial depolarization). (B) Quantification of red and green fluorescence. Histograms represent JC-1 fluorescence of normal (left) and KBD (right) chondrocytes. The ratio of green fluorescence (green line)/red fluorescence (red line) increases in KBD chondrocytes. These findings suggest a reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential and, therefore, a decrease in the red:green ratio. (C) The proportion of cells with mitochondrial depolarization is greater in KBD than in normal chondrocytes. Group A=chondrocytes with high red and low green fluorescence (cells with normal mitochondrial polarization); group C=chondrocytes with high red and high green fluorescence (cells with mitochondrial depolarization); group D=chondrocytes with low red and high green fluorescence (cells with mitochondrial depolarization). Each value represents mean±95%CI. *P≤0.0001 vs the normal chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2010 18, 1218-1226DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2010.07.003) Copyright © 2010 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Western blot detection of cytochrome c. The presence of cytochrome c in the cytosolic fractions of KBD cartilage chondrocytes indicates that apoptosis involves mitochondrial release of cytochrome c to the cytosol. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2010 18, 1218-1226DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2010.07.003) Copyright © 2010 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Apoptotic morphological changes in the nuclear chromatin of cells were detected by Hoechst 33258 staining. Normal chondrocytes (A ×200 and C ×400) showed the majority of cells had uniformly stained nuclei, KBD chondrocytes (B ×200 and D ×400) showed the morphological changes typical of apoptosis (i.e., smaller and brighter nuclei with fragmentation and condensation). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2010 18, 1218-1226DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2010.07.003) Copyright © 2010 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Chondrocyte apoptosis was measured by Annexin V-FITC/PI FCM. KBD chondrocytes (right) showed a higher apoptotic rate compared to normal control cells (left). Dot-plots of human KBD chondrocytes were obtained by staining with Annexin V and PI as a measure of early apoptotic (lower right quadrant), late apoptotic (upper right), and necrotic (upper left) cell populations; the lower left quadrant depicts live cells. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2010 18, 1218-1226DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2010.07.003) Copyright © 2010 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Morphology of the cultured chondrocytes under electron microscopy. (A) Chondrocytes from the control group showed normal cytoplasmic and nuclear morphology, including mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, as well as glycogen and lipid in the cytoplasm (TEM×6000). (B) KBD chondrocytes were oval and had distorted nuclei, a high nucleus to cytoplasm ratio, and the cytoplasm contained abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum. Many vacuoles and smooth cell membrane appeared in cytoplasm (TEM×6000). (C) Mitochondria cristae were normal and compact in control chondrocytes (TEM×14,000). (D) The mitochondria in KBD were swelled, mitochondria cristae decreased and disordered, and the number of mitochondria was increased (TEM×14,000). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2010 18, 1218-1226DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2010.07.003) Copyright © 2010 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions