Resistance to Vehicle Motion

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Presentation transcript:

Resistance to Vehicle Motion

Resistance to Vehicle Motion Resistance is defined as the force impeding vehicle motion What is this force? Air or Wind resistance Rolling resistance Gradient resistance

Air Resistance Ra Air offers resistance to the movement of bodies Resistance depends upon the size and shape of the body Air resistance is caused by air pushing aside Low vehicle speed- air resistance insignificant Higher speed – air resistance predominant

Air Resistance Ra Composed of: Turbulent air flow around vehicle body (85%) Friction of air over vehicle body (12%) Vehicle component resistance, from radiators and air vents (3%) Power is in ft-lb/sec from National Research Council Canada

Air Resistance Ra

Air Resistance Ra Influencing Factors Frontal area of the vehicle Vehicle speed Shape and streamlining body Wind speed and direction

Rolling Resistance Rrl Primary Cause Resistance forces caused by the deformation of tyres, road surfaces and total weight of the vehicle including load Secondary Cause Wheel bearing, oil seal friction and churning ( undesirable friction) of the oil in the transmission system

Rolling Resistance Rrl

Rolling Resistance Rrl Composed primarily of Resistance from tire deformation (90%) Tire penetration and surface compression ( 4%) Tire slippage and air circulation around wheel ( 6%) Wide range of factors affect total rolling resistance Rolling resistance = 2 components Hysteresis = energy loss due to deformation of the tire Adhesion = bonding between tire and roadway

Rolling Resistance Rrl Influencing Factors Laden weight of the vehicle Type of road surface Design, construction and materials used in the manufacture of the tyre

Gradient Resistance Rg Resistance experienced by vehicle when moving upward on a gradient or hilly road Vehicle moving upward on gradient Vehicle weight ‘W’ acting vertically downwards

Gradient Resistance Rg Weight ‘W’ can be resolved into horizontal (H) and vertical (V) components To prevent the vehicle to move backwards a force equal and opposite to ‘H’ must be applied ‘H’ is the resistance to the gradient It depends on the steepness of the gradient (angle Ѳ) and the weight of the vehicle

Gradient Resistance Rg Composed of Gravitational force acting on the vehicle θg For small angles, Rg θg W

Total Resistance It is the sum of the three resistances Rolling and gradient resistances are independent of speed Air resistance is dependent on speed

Total Resistance Speed OD km/hr Total resistance AD= Air resistance (AB)+ Gradient resistance (BC) + Rolling resistance (CD)

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