IB Psych 12.07.17 Today’s Agenda: 3.2-3.3 Review Turn in: Nothing Take out : Planner Writing Implement Internet Device Notes Today’s Learning Outcome: Outline principles that define the cognitive level of analysis Explain how principles that define the cognitive level of analysis may be demonstrated in research Evaluate schema theory with reference to research studies Today’s Agenda: 3.2-3.3 Review Get the book and make notes about the CLOA. HW: SAQ Anderson & Pichert (1978) Aim Method Results Conclusion

3.2 Principles of CLOA Mental processes can and should be studied scientifically. Testable theories—information processing… Lab experiments, brain imaging studies… What are the benefits? What are the drawbacks? Mental representations guide behavior. Behaviorism more of a mechanism for stimuli and responses No interference between the two… Cognitive Psych How do we “represent” our world in our memory? Schemas organize our knowledge Hardware/Software? Perception and reality… (Not specifically in your text…)Cognitive processes are influenced by social and cultural factors. People remember according to what “makes sense to them”. Bartlett (1932) “War of the Ghosts” Serial (telephone game) vs. Repeated Production (same person reconstructing numerous times)

3.2 Principles of CLOA Is the red dot on the near or far corner? How are you determining this? “Our experience of the world—how we see it, remember it, and imagine it—is a mixture of stark reality and comforting illusion.”

Just one theory of knowledge organization… 3.3 Schema Theory Just one theory of knowledge organization… Is any experience you have truly “new”?

3.3 Schema Theory Scripts: Self-Schema Social Schema Is any experience you have truly “new”? Scripts: Self-Schema Social Schema (unchanging order of things…routine) (perhaps how we see ourselves) (perhaps how we see, and group others.)

3.3 Schema Theory Studies If the balloons popped, the sound wouldn’t be able to carry since everything would be too far away from the correct floor. A closed window would also prevent the sound from carrying, since most buildings tend to be well insulated. Since the whole operation depends on a steady flow of electricity, a break in the middle of the wire would also cause problems. Of course, the fellow could shout, but the human voice is not loud enough to carry that far. An additional problem is that a string could break on the instrument. Then there could be no accompaniment to the message. It is clear that the best situation would involve less distance. Then there would be fewer potential problems. With face to face contact, the least number of things could go wrong.

3.3 Schema Theory Studies If the balloons popped, the sound wouldn’t be able to carry since everything would be too far away from the correct floor. A closed window would also prevent the sound from carrying, since most buildings tend to be well insulated. Since the whole operation depends on a steady flow of electricity, a break in the middle of the wire would also cause problems. Of course, the fellow could shout, but the human voice is not loud enough to carry that far. An additional problem is that a string could break on the instrument. Then there could be no accompaniment to the message. It is clear that the best situation would involve less distance. Then there would be fewer potential problems. With face to face contact, the least number of things could go wrong.

3.3 Schema Theory Studies The procedure is actually quite simple. First you arrange things into different groups. Of course, one pile may be sufficient depending on how much there is to do. If you have to go somewhere else due to lack of facilities that is the next step, otherwise you are pretty well set. It is important not to overdo things. That is, it is better to do too few things at once than too many. In the short run this may not seem important but complications can easily arise. A mistake can be expensive as well. At first the whole procedure will seem complicated. Soon, however, it will become just another facet of life. It is difficult to foresee any end to the necessity for this task in the immediate future, but then one never can tell, After the procedure is completed one arranges the materials into different groups again. Then they can be put into their appropriate places. Eventually they will be used once more and the whole cycle will then have to be repeated. However, that is part of life…

3.3 Schema Theory Studies The procedure is actually quite simple. First you arrange things into different groups. Of course, one pile may be sufficient depending on how much there is to do. If you have to go somewhere else due to lack of facilities that is the next step, otherwise you are pretty well set. It is important not to overdo things. That is, it is better to do too few things at once than too many. In the short run this may not seem important but complications can easily arise. A mistake can be expensive as well. At first the whole procedure will seem complicated. Soon, however, it will become just another facet of life. It is difficult to foresee any end to the necessity for this task in the immediate future, but then one never can tell, After the procedure is completed one arranges the materials into different groups again. Then they can be put into their appropriate places. Eventually they will be used once more and the whole cycle will then have to be repeated. However, that is part of life…

3.3 Schema Theory Studies Bartlett (1932): War of the Ghosts Anderson and Pichert (1978): Robbing or Buying the House Bransford and Johnson (1972): Washing Machine Bransford and Franks (1971): Levels of Sentences