Christian Europe Emerges 300 – 1200 C.E.

Byzantine Empire 300 – 1200 C.E.

Map of Byzantine Empire

Church and State Roman rule and traditions remained in the Byzantine Empire and Constantinople. The Byzantine emperor appointed the patriarch of Constantinople and intervened in church matters. Religious differences and doctrinal disputes abounded, but polytheism was eliminated.

Constantinople

Church of Hagia Sophia

External Threats Byzantine Empire did not break up because of unity of political and religious power. Foreign threats included: Goths and Huns in North Sasanids in East Attacked for over 300 years

Losing Power Muslim Arabs took wealthy provinces of Syria, Tunisia, and Egypt from Byzantines. Permanently reduced power of Empire. Empire also experienced declining relations with the popes and princes of Western Europe. Formal break between Latin and Orthodox Churches in 1054.

Society and Decline of Urbanism Byzantine Empire experienced a decline of urbanism similar to Rome. Middle class people moved out of cities and into rural areas. Byzantine society was then characterized by a HUGE gap between wealth of aristocrats and poverty of peasants.

Family Life Family very rigid Women confined to homes and wore veils if they went out. Byzantine women ruled alongside husbands between 1028 and 1056. Women did not take refuge in nunneries.

Economic Intervention At this time, emperors would: Set prices Controlled provision of grain to capital Monopolized trade on certain goods Results: Constantinople was well supplied. Cities and rural areas lagged behind in wealth and technology.

Views of Byzantine Empire Western Europeans began to view the Byzantine Empire as a crumbling power. Byzantines thought that westerners were uncouth barbarians.

Cultural Achievements Put together collection of Roman laws and edicts under the title Body of Civil Law. Became basis of Western European civil law. Developed technique of making domed buildings. Italian renaissance architects adopted dome in 15th and 16th centuries.

Roman vs Byzantine Empire Create a Venn Diagram comparing the “West” vs the “East”. The “West” would be the old Roman Empire and the “East” which is the Byzantine Empire.

Questions Orally review questions 1-11.

Early Medieval Europe 300 – 1000 C.E.

From the Roman Empire to Germanic Kingdoms…

Fifth Century C.E. Roman Empire breaks down Europe is politically fragmented Germanic kings ruling a number of different kingdoms Western Europe continues to suffer invasions as Muslim Arabs and Berbers took Iberian Peninsula and go into France.

Charlemagne & the Carolingians The Carolingians united various Frankish kingdoms into a larger empire. Under Charlemagne, this empire includes Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Empire was subdivided by Charlemagne’s grandsons and never united again.

Charlemagne

Charlemagne’s Empire

Charlemagne’s Church

Vikings Attacked England, France, and Spain in the late eighth and ninth centuries. Settled Iceland and Normandy, from which the Norman William the Conqueror invaded England in 1066.

A Self-Sufficient Economy Fall of Roman Empire brings about: De-Urbanization Decline in Trade Without domination of Rome’s “Great Tradition,” regional elites become self-sufficient and local “small traditions” flourished.

Vassals Vassals held most of a king’s realm Most vassals granted substantial parts of land to their vassals. Kings were weak because they depended on vassals.

Fief Kings and nobles granted land (fief) to a man in return for a promise to supply military service. By 10th century, fiefs became hereditary.

Administration Kings and nobles had limited ability to administer and tax their realms. Power was further limited by their inability to tax the vast landholdings of the Church. Most medieval people saw the lord’s manor as government.

Manors Self-Sufficient farming estates Primary centers of agricultural production Manors grew from need for self-sufficiency and self-defense.

Typical Manor Layout

Medieval Diet Northern Diet Beer Lard or Butter Bread Southern Diet Wheat Wine Olive Oil

Lord of the Manor Had almost unlimited power over his agricultural workers. Agricultural Workers = Serfs Conditions of agricultural workers varied Tradition of a free peasantry survived in some areas

Early Medieval Society in West Class of nobles emerged and developed into mounted knights. Landholding and military service became inseparable. Military service to a lord = feudalism

Military Security Need for security leads to the development of new technology: Stirrup Bigger Horses Armor and Weapons of the knight Equipment was expensive, so knights needed land to support themselves.

Knight’s Equipment Horse Bit Spur

Women Noble women were pawns in marriage politics. Women could own land. Non-noble women worked alongside the men.

Vassals vs Knights What is the difference between vassals and knights?

Vassals vs Knights Vassals ruled lands granted to them by their king. Those lands were called fiefs. Within a fiefs, a vassal acted as a local lord and could give portions of it to vassals of his own. Someone might be the vassal of one person, but the lord of another. Knights were warriors who fought on horseback. In return for land, they pledged themselves as vassals to the king. Only the sons of lords could become knights.

The Western Church

The Structure of Christian Faith Christian faith and Catholic church, headed by the Pope, were sources of unity and order in the fragmented world of medieval Europe. Church hierarchy tried to deal with challenges to unity by calling councils of bishops to discuss and settle questions of doctrine.

Politics and the Church Popes sought to combine their religious power with political power by forging alliances with kings. Finally did so by choosing a German king to be “Holy Roman Emperor”, Otto the Great, in 962. In reality, the Holy Roman Empire was not more than a loose coalition of German princes.

Holy Roman Empire Map

Power Struggle Secular rulers in the Holy Roman Empire argued that they should be able to appoint bishops who held land in fief. Popes disagreed Concordat of Worms . a compromise in 1122 Popes could appoint bishops Kings could assign where they worked

Origins of Monasticism Developed in Egypt in the 4th century on the basis of previous religious practices such as: Celibacy Devotion to Prayer Isolation from Society

Benedict of Nursia Lived from 480 – 547 C.E. Was the first Western monk. Lived in a cave in Nursia, Italy. Was considered a hermit and dedicated his life to prayer. Organized monasteries and supplied them with a set of written rules which governed all aspects of ritual and daily life.

Functions of Monasteries Centers of literacy and learning. Refugees for widows and other vulnerable women. Inns and orphanages. Managed their own estates of agricultural land.

Monasteries

Control Difficult for Catholic church to exercise oversight over monasteries. Reform development started by monastic establishment in 11th century. Abbey of Cluny sought to improve the administration and discipline of monasteries.

Three Legal Traditions Western Europe developed: Germanic feudal law Canon (church law) Roman law Presence of conflicting legal theories and legal jurisdictions was a significant characteristic of Western Europe.

Kievan Russia 900 – 1200

Geography Includes territory from the Black and Caspian Seas in the south to the Baltic and White Seas in the north. Territory includes series of ecological zones running from east to west. Several navigable rivers.

Kievan Russia Map

Agriculture Poor agricultural land Short growing season Primitive farming technology Food production was low and trade was necessary to feed the people

Early History Inhabited by a number of peoples of different language and ethnic groups whose territory shifted from century to century. Emerged to a pattern of: Slavs in the east Finns in the north Turkic tribes in the south

Trade Forest dwellers, steppe nomads, and farmers traded with each other. Long-distance caravan trade linked Russia to the Silk Road. Varangians were active traders on the rivers. Khazar Turks built a trading kingdom at the mouth of the Volga River.

Rus Societies of western Slav farmers ruled by Varangian nobles. Most important cities = Kiev and Novogorod Both cities were centers of trade

Kiev and Novogorod Had populations of 30,000 to 50,000 Much smaller than Constantinople or large Muslim cities Kiev, Novogorod, and other urban areas were centers for craftsmen and artists. Their social status was higher than peasants.

Vladimir I In 980, he became Grand Prince of Kiev. Chose Orthodox Christianity as the religion of his state. Imitated the culture of the Byzantine Empire: Built churches Adopted the Cyrillic alphabet Oriented his trade toward the Byzantines.

Spread of Christianity Spread very slowly in Kievan Russia. Pagan customs and polygamy persisted until the 12th century. Christianity eventually took over and became very powerful in the 12th century. Clergy even functioned as tax collectors for the state.

Smart Start: Kiev, Russia Who were prominent political rulers? What were the two populous cities? How was agriculture? How did people in Kiev make money? What nationalities of people settled in Kiev? What was their religion in Kiev?

Decline Caused by: Decline happened after 1100. Internal political struggles Conflict with external foes Decline happened after 1100.

Western Europe Revives 1000 – 1200

Reviving Western Europe Population and agricultural production increased in the period from 1000-1200. Caused resurgence of trade Enabled kings to strengthen control Revival because of New technologies Appearance of self-governing cities

New Technology Heavy moldboard plow Horse collar Breast-strap harness

Italy and Flanders These two cities were the beginning of the emergence of independent, self-governing cities. Relied on manufacturing and trade for income Had legal independence so laws could favor manufacturing and trade

More cities emerge… Venice, Italy became a dominant sea power Traded in Muslim ports for spices and other goods Ghent, Belgium imported wool from England and wove it into cloth for export

With trade came… Increase in use of high-value gold and silver coins Rarely been used in early medieval Europe During the mid-twelfth century Europeans began minting silver and gold coins.

The Crusades 1095-1204

A Quest for the Holy Land THE CRUSADES A Quest for the Holy Land

Crusades A long series or Wars between Christians and Muslims They fought over control of Jerusalem which was called the Holy Land because it was the region where Jesus had lived, preached and died

Causes of the Crusades

The Call to Arms Pope Urban II called for the defeat of the Turks, returning the Holy Land to the Christians

Who Answered the Call? Feudal Lords Knights Peasants

The First Crusade (1096-1099) Peasant army Knights Untrained Lacked military equipment Many killed by Muslim Turks Knights Succeeded in capturing Jerusalem

Second Crusade (1147-1149) After victory many Christians went back home. The Turks eventually took back much of the territory. King of France and Emperor of Germany sent troops to stop the Turks.

Second Crusade (1147-1149) Saladin leads the Muslim Turks to victory, defeating the Christians * He was considered a very wise ruler. He was known for his sometimes kind treatment of fallen enemies. Many Christians saw him as a model of knightly chivalry.

Third Crusade (1189-1192) King Richard of England convinces the Turks to allow Christians to visit the Holy Land

Crusades Continue Through 1200’s Several more crusades attempted with no victories for the Christians Children’s crusade, - 30,000 soldiers - many of them under 12 years old – Never made it to the Holy Land

Results of the Crusades I.F. Turks Traveled they would Trade I = Improvements – Ships, Maps, Explorers F = Feudalism declines because Feudal lords die or spend too much money on military. T = Turks still rule the Holy Land T = Travel – Europeans want to travel more T = Trade – Europeans want product from the East such as sugar, cotton, silk, spices, etc.

Reasons for Crusades Religious zeal Knights’ willingness to engage in church-sanctioned warfare Desire for land on part of younger sons of European nobility Interest in trade

Assignment: Recruitment Poster Use your notes and the textbook to create a recruitment poster. Your project should include: A definition of the crusades. A map of the crusades. The four causes of the crusades. Pope Urban’s call for defeat of the Turks to return the. holy land top the Christians. Who answered or needs to answer the call. A description of all four crusades. The results of the crusades.